University of Notre Dame

The University of Notre Dame du Lac (or artlessly Notre Dame /ˌnoʊtərˈdeɪm/ noh-tər-daym) is a Catholic analysis university amid adjoining to South Bend, Indiana, in the United States. In French, Notre Dame du Lac agency "Our Lady of the Lake" and refers to the university's angel saint, the Virgin Mary. The basic campus covers 1,250 acreage (5,100,000 m2) in a burghal ambience and it contains a amount of apparent landmarks, such as the Golden Dome, the "Word of Life" mural (commonly accepted as Touchdown Jesus), and the Basilica. The academy was founded on November 26, 1842 by Father Edward Sorin, CSC, who was aswell its aboriginal president, as an all-male academy on acreage donated by the Bishop of Vincennes (Indiana). Today, abounding Holy Cross priests abide to plan for the university, including as its president. Notre Dame's Catholic appearance is reflected in its charge to the Catholic faith, abundant ministries adjourned by the school, and the architectonics about campus.

Notre Dame rose to civic bulge in the aboriginal 1900s for its Fighting Irish football team, abnormally beneath the advice of the allegorical drillmaster Knute Rockne. The university's able-bodied teams are associates of the NCAA Division I and are accepted collectively as the Fighting Irish. The football team, an Independent, has accumulated eleven accord civic championships, seven Heisman Trophy winners, 62 associates in the Academy Football Anteroom of Fame and 13 associates in the Pro Football Anteroom of Fame and is advised one of the a lot of acclaimed and acknowledged academy football teams in history. Added ND teams, chiefly in the Atlantic Coast Conference, accept accumulated 16 civic championships. The Notre Dame Victory March is generally admired as the a lot of acclaimed and apparent bookish action song.

Besides its bulge in sports, Notre Dame is aswell a large, four-year, awful residential analysis University, and is consistently ranked a allotment of the top twenty universities in the United States and as a above all-around university. The undergraduate basic of the university is organized into four colleges (Arts and Letters, Science, Engineering, Business) and the Architectonics School. The closing is accepted for teaching New Classical Architectonics and for application the globally acclaimed anniversary Driehaus Architectonics Prize. Notre Dame's alum affairs has added than 50 master's, doctoral and able amount programs offered by the 5 schools, with the accession of the Notre Dame Law Academy and a MD-PhD affairs offered in aggregate with IU medical School. It maintains a adjustment of libraries, cultural venues, aesthetic and accurate museums, including Hesburgh Library and the Snite Museum of Art. Over 80% of the university's 8,000 undergraduates reside on campus in one of 29 single-sex abode halls, anniversary with its own traditions, legacies, contest and civil sports teams. The university counts about 120,000 alumni, advised a allotment of the arch alumni networks a allotment of U.S. colleges.

Major improvements to the university occurred during the administering of the Rev. Theodore Hesburgh amid 1952 and 1987 as Hesburgh's administering abundantly added the university's resources, bookish programs, and acceptability and aboriginal enrolled women undergraduates in 1972.
Foundations
The Actual Rev. Edward Sorin, artisan of the university, accustomed at Notre Dame in 1842. The account was taken about 1890.

In 1842, the Bishop of Vincennes, Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière, offered acreage to Father Edward Sorin of the Aggregation of Holy Cross, on the action that he physique a academy in two years. Fr. Sorin accustomed on the website with eight Holy Cross brothers from France and Ireland on November 26, 1842, and began the academy application Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel. He anon erected added buildings, including Old College, the aboriginal church, and the aboriginal basic building. They anon acquired two acceptance and set about architectonics additions to the campus.

Notre Dame began as a primary and accessory school, but anon accustomed its official academy allotment from the Indiana General Assembly on January 15, 1844. Beneath the allotment the academy is clearly called the University of Notre Dame du Lac (University of Our Lady of the Lake). Because the university was originally alone for macho students, the female-only Saint Mary's Academy was founded by the Sisters of the Holy Cross abreast Notre Dame in 1844.

The aboriginal degrees from the academy were awarded in 1849. The university was broadcast with new barrio to board added acceptance and faculty. With anniversary new president, new bookish programs were offered and new barrio congenital to board them. The aboriginal Basic Architectonics congenital by Fr. Sorin just afterwards he accustomed was replaced by a beyond "Main Building" in 1865, which housed the university's administration, classrooms, and dormitories. Beginning in 1873, a library accumulating was started by Father Lemonnier, housed in the Basic Building, and by 1879 it had developed to ten thousand volumes.

This Basic Building, and the library collection, was absolutely destroyed by a blaze in April 1879; academy bankrupt anon and acceptance were beatific home. The university founder, Fr. Sorin, and the admiral at the time, the Rev. William Corby, anon planned for the rebuilding of the anatomy that had housed about the absolute University. Architectonics was started on May 17, and by the absurd alacrity of ambassador and workers the architectonics was completed afore the abatement division of 1879. The library accumulating was aswell rebuilt and backward housed in the new Basic Architectonics for years afterwards. About the time of the fire, a music anteroom was opened. Accepted as Washington Hall, it hosted plays and agreeable acts put on by the school. By 1880, a science affairs was accustomed at the university, and a Science Anteroom (today LaFortune Apprentice Center) was congenital in 1883. The anteroom housed assorted classrooms and science labs bare for aboriginal analysis at the university.

By 1890, alone abode halls were congenital to abode the accretion amount of students. William J. Hoynes was administrator of the law academy 1883-1919, and if its new architectonics was opened anon afterwards his afterlife it was renamed in his honor. The Rev. John Zahm C.S.C. became the Holy Cross Provincial for the United States (1896–1906), with all-embracing administering of the university. He approved to improve and aggrandize Notre Dame, architectonics barrio and abacus to the campus art arcade and library, and accession what became a acclaimed Dante collection. His appellation was not renewed by the Aggregation because of fears he had broadcast Notre Dame too bound and had run the Holy Cross adjustment into austere debt.


The accepted Basic Building, congenital in 1879
In 1919 Father James Burns became admiral of Notre Dame, and in three years he produced an bookish anarchy that brought the academy up to civic standards by adopting the constituent adjustment and affective abroad from the university's acceptable bookish and classical emphasis.By contrast, the Jesuit colleges, bastions of bookish conservatism, were afraid to move to a adjustment of electives; for this reason, their graduates were shut out of Harvard Law School. Notre Dame connected to abound over the years, abacus added colleges, programs, and sports teams. By 1921, with the accession of the Academy of Commerce, Notre Dame had developed from a baby academy to a university with 5 colleges and a able law school. The university connected to aggrandize and add new abode halls and barrio with anniversary consecutive president.
One of the basic active armament in the advance of the University was its football team, the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. Knute Rockne became arch drillmaster in 1918. Beneath Rockne, the Irish would column a almanac of 105 wins, 12 losses, and 5 ties. During his 13 years the Irish won three civic championships, had 5 best seasons, won the Rose Bowl in 1925, and produced players such as George Gipp and the "Four Horsemen". Knute Rockne has the accomplished acceptable allotment (.881) in NCAA Division I/FBS football history. Rockne's offenses active the Notre Dame Box and his defenses ran a 7–2–2 scheme. The endure bold Rockne accomplished was on December 14, 1930 if he led a accumulation of Notre Dame all-stars adjoin the New York Giants in New York City.

The success of its football aggregation fabricated Notre Dame a domiciliary name. The success of Note Dame reflected ascent cachet of Irish Americans and Catholics in the 1920s. Catholics rallied up about the aggregation and listened to the amateur on the radio, abnormally if it agape off the schools that adumbrated the Protestant enactment in America — Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Army. Yet this role as high-profile flagship academy of Catholicism fabricated it an simple ambition of anti-Catholicism. The a lot of arresting adventure of abandon was the affray amid Notre Dame acceptance and the Ku Klux Klan, a white abolitionist and anti-catholic movement, in 1924. Nativism and anti-Catholicism, abnormally if directed appear immigrants, were cornerstones of the KKK's rhetoric, and Notre Dame was apparent as a attribute of the blackmail airish by the Catholic Church. The Klan absitively to accept a week-long Klavern in South Bend. Clashes with the apprentice physique started on March 17, if students, acquainted of the anti-Catholic animosity, blocked the Klansmen from bottomward from their trains in the South Bend base and ripped the KKK clothes and regalia. On May 19 bags of acceptance aggregate city agitation the Klavern, and alone the accession of academy admiral Fr. Matthew Walsh prevented any added clashes. The next day, football drillmaster Knute Rockne batten at a campus assemblage and implored the acceptance to obey the academy admiral and burden from added violence. A few canicule afterwards the Klavern bankrupt up, but the abhorrence apparent by the acceptance was an augury and a accession to the atrophy of the KKK in Indiana.
Holy Cross Father John Francis O'Hara was adopted carnality admiral in 1933 and admiral of Notre Dame in 1934. During his administering at Notre Dame, he brought abundant refugee intellectuals to campus; he called Frank H. Spearman, Jeremiah D. M. Ford, Irvin Abell, and Josephine Brownson for the Laetare Medal, instituted in 1883. O'Hara acerb believed that the Fighting Irish football aggregation could be an able agency to "acquaint the accessible with the belief that dominate" Notre Dame. He wrote, "Notre Dame football is a airy account because it is played for the account and celebrity of God and of his Blessed Mother. If St. Paul said: 'Whether you eat or drink, or whatsoever abroad you do, do all for the celebrity of God,' he included football."

The Rev. John J. Cavanaugh, C.S.C. served as admiral from 1946 to 1952. Cavanaugh's bequest at Notre Dame in the post-war years was adherent to adopting bookish standards and about-face the university administering to clothing it to an continued educational mission and an broadcast apprentice physique and affirmation avant-garde studies and analysis at a time if Notre Dame quadrupled in apprentice census, undergraduate acceptance added by added than half, and alum apprentice acceptance grew fivefold. Cavanaugh aswell accustomed the Lobund Institute for Animal Studies and Notre Dame's Medieval Institute. Cavanaugh aswell presided over the architectonics of the Nieuwland Science Hall, Fisher Hall, and the Morris Inn, as able-bodied as the Anteroom of Liberal Arts (now O'Shaughnessy Hall), fabricated accessible by a donation from I.A. O'Shaughnessy, at the time the better anytime fabricated to an American Catholic university. He aswell accustomed a adjustment of advising councils at the university, which abide today and are basic to the university's babyminding and development.

Hesburgh era: 1952–1987
The Rev. Theodore Hesburgh, C.S.C., (1917–2015) served as admiral for 35 years (1952–87) of affecting transformations. In that time the anniversary operating account rose by a agency of 18 from $9.7 actor to $176.6 million, and the award by a agency of 40 from $9 actor to $350 million, and analysis allotment by a agency of 20 from $735,000 to $15 million. Acceptance about angled from 4,979 to 9,600, adroitness added than angled 389 to 950, and degrees awarded annually angled from 1,212 to 2,500.

Hesburgh is aswell accustomed with transforming the face of Notre Dame by authoritative it a coeducational institution. In the mid-1960s Notre Dame and Saint Mary's Academy developed a co-exchange affairs whereby several hundred acceptance took classes not offered at their home institution, an adjustment that added undergraduate women to a campus that already had a few women in the alum schools. Afterwards all-encompassing debate, amalgamation with St. Mary's was rejected, primarily because of the cogwheel in adroitness abilities and pay scales. "In American academy education," explained the Rev. Charles E. Sheedy, C.S.C., Notre Dame's Administrator of Arts and Letters, "certain appearance aforetime advised advantageous and enviable are now apparent as anachronistic and out of place.... In this ambiance of diversity, the affiliation of the sexes is a accustomed and accepted aspect, replacing separatism." Thomas Blantz, C.S.C., Notre Dame's Carnality Admiral of Apprentice Affairs, added that coeducation "opened up a accomplished added basin of actual ablaze students."Two of the macho abode halls were adapted for the anew accepted changeable acceptance that aboriginal year, while two others were adapted for the next academy year. In 1971 Mary Ann Proctor became the aboriginal changeable undergraduate; she transferred from St. Mary's College. In 1972, Angela Sienko, who becoming a bachelor's amount in marketing, became the aboriginal woman alum from the university.

Recent history
The new accession of the Law School
In the 18 years beneath the admiral of Edward Malloy, C.S.C., (1987–2005), there was a accelerated advance in the school's reputation, faculty, and resources. He added the adroitness by added than 500 professors; the bookish superior of the apprentice physique has bigger dramatically, with the boilerplate SAT account ascent from 1240 to 1360; the amount of boyhood acceptance added than doubled; the award grew from $350 actor to added than $3 billion; the anniversary operating account rose from $177 actor to added than $650 million; and anniversary analysis allotment bigger from $15 actor to added than $70 million. Notre Dame's a lot of contempo (2014) basic attack aloft $2.014 billion, far beyond its ambition of $767 million, and is the better in the history of Catholic academy apprenticeship and the better of any University afterwards a centermost school.
Since 2005, Notre Dame has been led by John I. Jenkins, C.S.C., the 17th admiral of the university. Jenkins took over the position from Malloy on July 1, 2005. In his countdown address, Jenkins declared his goals of authoritative the university a baton in analysis that recognizes belief and architectonics the affiliation amid acceptance and studies. During his tenure, Notre Dame has added its endowment, continued its apprentice body, and undergone abounding architectonics projects on campus, including Compton Family Ice Arena, a new architectonics hall, added abode halls, and the Campus Crossroads, a $400m accessory and amplification of Notre Dame Stadium.

Campus

A bank overlooks Saint Joseph Lake in the fall
Notre Dame's campus is amid in Notre Dame, Indiana, an unincorporated association in the Michiana breadth of Northern Indiana, arctic of South Bend and four afar (6 km) from the Michigan accompaniment line. In September 2011, Travel+Leisure listed Notre Dame as accepting one of the a lot of admirable academy campuses in the United States.[53] Today it lies on 1,250 acreage (5.1 km2) just south of the Indiana Toll Road and includes 143 barrio amid on quads throughout the campus.

Buildings and architecture
Historic Washington Anteroom on the Basic Quadrangle, bargain termed the "God Quad"
Development of the campus began in the bounce of 1843, if Fr. Sorin and some of his aggregation congenital the "Old College," a architectonics acclimated for dormitories, a bakery, and a classroom. A year later, afterwards an artisan arrived, a baby "Main Building" was congenital acceptance for the barrage of the college. The Basic Architectonics austere down in 1879, and it was anon replaced with the accepted one. It was topped with the Golden Dome, which today has become Notre Dame's a lot of apparent feature. Close to the Basic Architectonics stands Washington Anteroom (University of Notre Dame), a amphitheater that was congenital in 1881 and has back again been acclimated for affected and agreeable representation.


The Golden Dome, congenital by Fr. Sorin, has become the attribute of the University.
Because of its Catholic identity, a amount of religious barrio angle on campus. The Old Academy architectonics has become one of two seminaries on campus run by the Aggregation of Holy Cross. The accepted Basilica of the Sacred Heart is amid on the atom of Fr. Sorin's aboriginal church, which became too baby for the growing college. It is congenital in French Revival appearance and it is busy by decrepit bottle windows alien anon from France. The autogenous was corrective by Luigi Gregori, an Italian painter arrive by Fr. Sorin to be artisan in residence. The Basilica aswell appearance a alarm belfry with a carillon. Inside the abbey there are aswell sculptures by Ivan Mestrovic. The Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes, which was congenital in 1896, is a replica of the aboriginal in Lourdes, France.It is actual accepted a allotment of acceptance and alumni as a abode of adoration and meditation, and it is advised one of the a lot of admired spots on campus.

A Science Anteroom was congenital in 1883 beneath the administration of Fr. Zahm, but in 1950 it was adapted to a apprentice abutment architectonics and called LaFortune Center, afterwards Joseph LaFortune, an oil controlling from Tulsa, Oklahoma. Frequently accepted as "LaFortune" or "LaFun," it is a 4-story architectonics of 83,000 aboveboard anxiety (7,700 m2)  that provides the Notre Dame association with a affair abode for social, recreational, cultural, and educational activities.LaFortune employs 35 part-time apprentice agents and 29 full-time non-student agents and has an anniversary account of $1.2 million.Abounding businesses, services, and capacity of The Office of Apprentice Affairs are begin within. The architectonics aswell houses restaurants from civic restaurant chains.


Autumn on the God Quad, formally accepted as the Basic Quadrangle
Since the architectonics of its oldest buildings, the university's concrete bulb has developed substantially. Over the years 29 abode halls accept been congenital to board acceptance and anniversary has been complete with its own chapel. Abounding bookish architectonics were added calm with a adjustment of libraries, the a lot of arresting of which is the Theodore Hesburgh Library, congenital in 1963 and today absolute about 4 actor books. Back 2004, several barrio accept been added, including the DeBartolo Performing Arts Center, the Guglielmino Complex,and the Jordan Anteroom of Science.Additionally, a new abode for men, Duncan Hall, was amorphous on March 8, 2007, and began accepting association for the Abatement 2008 semester. Ryan Anteroom was completed and began apartment undergraduate women in the abatement of 2009. A new engineering building, Stinson-Remick Hall, a new aggregate Center for Amusing Concerns/Institute for Abbey Life building, Geddes Hall, and a law academy accession accept afresh been completed as well.Additionally the new hockey amphitheatre opened in the abatement of 2011.

 The Stayer Center for Controlling Education, which houses the Mendoza Academy of Business Controlling Apprenticeship Department opened in March 2013 just South of the Mendoza Academy of Business building. Because of its continued able-bodied tradition, the university appearance aswell abounding architectonics committed to sport. The a lot of acclaimed is Notre Dame Stadium,home of the Fighting Irish football team; it has been adapted several times and today it can authority added than 80 thousand people. Arresting venues cover aswell the Edmund P. Joyce Center, with calm basketball and volleyball courts, and the Compton Family Ice Arena, a two-rink ability committed to hockey. Also, there are abounding alfresco fields, as the Frank Eck Stadium for baseball.


Notre Dame Stadium, home of the Fighting Irish
Legends of Notre Dame (commonly referred to as Legends) is a music venue, accessible house, and restaurant amid on the campus of the University of Notre Dame, just 100 yards (91 m) south of Notre Dame Stadium. The above Alumni Senior Club opened its doors the aboriginal weekend in September 2003 afterwards a $3.5 actor advance and adapted into the all-ages apprentice hang-out that currently exists. Legends is fabricated up of two parts: The Restaurant and Alehouse and the nightclub.

Environmental sustainability
The University of Notre Dame has fabricated getting a sustainability baton an basic allotment of its mission, creating the Office of Sustainability in 2008 to accomplish a amount of goals in the areas of ability generation, architecture and construction, decay reduction, procurement, aliment services, transportation, and water.As of 2012 four architectonics architectonics projects were advancing LEED-Certified cachet and three were advancing LEED Silver. Notre Dame's dining casework sources 40% of its aliment locally and offers sustainably bent seafood as able-bodied as abounding organic, fair-trade, and vegan options. On the Sustainable Endowments Institute's Academy Sustainability Report Card 2010, University of Notre Dame accustomed a "B" grade. The university aswell houses the Kellog Institute for International Peace Studies. Father Gustavo Gutierrez, the artisan of Liberation Theology is a accepted adroitness member.