The California Convention of Technology (abbreviated Caltech) is a clandestine doctorate-granting university amid in Pasadena, California, United States. Although founded as a basic and abstruse academy by Amos G. Throop in 1891, the academy admiring affecting scientists such as George Ellery Hale, Arthur Amos Noyes, and Robert Andrews Millikan in the aboriginal 20th century. The abstruse and basic schools were disbanded and spun off in 1910, and the academy affected its present name in 1921. In 1934, Caltech was adopted to the Association of American Universities, and the antecedents of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which Caltech continues to administrate and operate, were accustomed amid 1936 and 1943 beneath Theodore von Kármán. The university is one a allotment of a baby accumulation of Institutes of Technology in the United States which tends to be primarily adherent to the apprenticeship of abstruse arts and activated sciences.
Caltech has six bookish capacity with able accent on science and engineering, managing $332 actor in 2011 in sponsored research.Its 124-acre (50 ha) primary campus is amid about 11 mi (18 km) northeast of city Los Angeles. First-year acceptance are appropriate to reside on campus, and 95% of undergraduates abide in the on-campus House System at Caltech. Although Caltech has a able attitude of applied jokes and pranks, apprentice activity is absolute by an account cipher which allows adroitness to accredit take-home examinations. The Caltech Beavers attempt in 13 intercollegiate sports in the NCAA Analysis III's Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference.
Caltech is frequently cited as one of the world's best universities. Despite its baby size, 33 Caltech alumni and adroitness accept won a absolute of 34 Nobel Prizes (Linus Pauling getting the alone alone in history to win two distinct prizes), 5 Fields Medalists, 6 Turing Award winners accept been affiliated with the university, and 71 accept won the United States Civic Medal of Science or Technology. There are 112 adroitness assembly who accept been adopted to the United States Civic Academies. In addition, abundant adroitness assembly are associated with the Howard Hughes Medical Convention as able-bodied as NASA.According to a 2015 Pomona study, Caltech ranked bulk one in the USA for the allotment of its graduates who go on to acquire a PhD.
History
Caltech started as a abstruse academy founded in Pasadena in 1891 by bounded agent and baby-kisser Amos G. Throop. The academy was accepted successively as Throop University, Throop Polytechnic Convention (and Manual Training School), and Throop Academy of Technology, afore accepting its accepted name in 1920. The abstruse academy was disbanded and the basic diplomacy was breach off to anatomy an absolute Polytechnic Academy in 1907.
At a time if accurate analysis in the United States was still in its infancy, George Ellery Hale, a solar astronomer from the University of Chicago, founded the Mount Wilson Observatory in 1904. He abutting Throop's lath of advisers in 1907, and anon began developing it and the accomplished of Pasadena into a above accurate and cultural destination. He engineered the arrangement of James A. B. Scherer, a arcane bookish benighted in science but a able ambassador and armamentarium raiser, to Throop's admiral in 1908. Scherer abiding retired agent and trustee Charles W. Gates to accord $25,000 in berry money to physique Gates Laboratory, the aboriginal science architectonics on campus.
World Wars
In the aforementioned year, a bill was alien in the California Legislature calling for the enactment of a about adjourned "California Convention of Technology", with an antecedent account of a actor dollars, ten times the account of Throop at the time. The lath of advisers offered to about-face Throop over to the state, but the presidents of Stanford University and the University of California auspiciously lobbied to defeat the bill, which accustomed Throop to beforehand as the alone accurate research-oriented apprenticeship convention in southern California, accessible or private, until the access of the World War II apprenticed the broader development of research-based science education. The affiance of Throop admiring accurate chemist Arthur Amos Noyes from MIT to beforehand the academy and abetment in establishing it as a centermost for science and technology.
With the access of World War I, Hale organized the Civic Analysis Lath to alike and abutment accurate plan on aggressive problems. While he accurate the abstraction of federal appropriations for science, he took barring to a federal bill that would accept adjourned engineering analysis at land-grant colleges, and instead approved to accession a $1 actor civic analysis armamentarium absolutely from clandestine sources. To that end, as Hale wrote in The New York Times:
Throop Academy of Technology, in Pasadena California has afresh afforded a arresting analogy of one way in which the Analysis Lath can defended co-operation and beforehand accurate investigation. This institution, with its able lath and accomplished analysis laboratories, could be of abundant account in any ample arrangement of cooperation. Admiral Scherer, audition of the accumulation of the council, anon offered to yield allotment in its work, and with this object, he anchored aural three canicule an added analysis award of one hundred thousand dollars.
Through the Civic Analysis Council, Hale accompanying lobbied for science to play a beyond role in civic affairs, and for Throop to play a civic role in science. The new funds were appointed for physics research, and ultimately led to the enactment of the Norman Bridge Laboratory, which admiring beginning physicist Robert Andrews Millikan from the University of Chicago in 1917. During the advance of the war, Hale, Noyes and Millikan formed calm in Washington on the NRC. Subsequently, they connected their affiliation in developing Caltech.
Under the administering of Hale, Noyes and Millikan (aided by the booming abridgement of Southern California), Caltech grew to civic bulge in the 1920s and concentrated on the development of Roosevelt's "Hundredth Man". On November 29, 1921, the advisers declared it to be the accurate action of the Convention to accompany accurate analysis of the greatest accent and at the aforementioned time "to abide to conduct absolute courses in engineering and authentic science, basing the plan of these courses on awfully able apprenticeship in the axiological sciences of mathematics, physics, and chemistry; adorning and adorning the class by a advanced bulk of apprenticeship in such capacity as English, history, and economics; and activating all the plan of the Convention by the beverage in acceptable admeasurement of the spirit of research."In 1923, Millikan was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. In 1925, the academy accustomed a administering of cartography and assassin William Bennett Munro, again administrator of the analysis of History, Government, and Economics at Harvard University, to actualize a analysis of abstract and amusing sciences at Caltech. In 1928, a analysis of analysis was accustomed beneath the administering of Thomas Hunt Morgan, the a lot of acclaimed biologist in the United States at the time, and discoverer of the role of genes and the chromosome in heredity. In 1930, Kerckhoff Marine Laboratory was accustomed in Corona del Mar beneath the affliction of Professor George MacGinitie. In 1926, a alum academy of aerodynamics was created, which eventually admiring Theodore von Kármán. Kármán after helped actualize the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and played an basic allotment in establishing Caltech as one of the world's centers for rocket science. In 1928, architectonics of the Palomar Observatory began.
Campus
Caltech's 124-acre (50 ha) primary campus is amid in Pasadena, California, about 11 afar (18 km) northeast of city Los Angeles. It is aural walking ambit of Old Town Pasadena and the Pasadena Playhouse District and accordingly the two locations are common getaways for Caltech students.
In 1917 Hale assassin artist Bertram Goodhue to aftermath a adept plan for the 22 acreage (8.9 ha) campus. Goodhue conceived the all-embracing blueprint of the campus and advised the physics building, Dabney Hall, and several added structures, in which he approved to be constant with the bounded climate, the appearance of the school, and Hale's educational philosophy. Goodhue's designs for Caltech were aswell afflicted by the acceptable Spanish mission architectonics of Southern California.
In 1971 a magnitude-6.6 convulsion in San Fernando acquired some accident to the Caltech campus. Engineers who evaluated the accident begin that two celebrated barrio dating from the aboriginal canicule of the Institute—Throop Hall and the Goodhue-designed Culbertson Auditorium—had cracked. These were some of the aboriginal able accurate buildings, and their diplomacy did not accommodate abundant data (such as how abundant reinforcing bar had been anchored in the concrete) to be abiding they were safe, so the engineers recommended demolition. However, abolition these celebrated structures appropriate appreciably added accomplishment than would accept been all-important had they been in absolute crisis of collapse. A ample accident brawl was acclimated to annihilate Throop Hall, and smashing the accurate appear massive amounts of rebar, far in balance of assurance requirements. The rebar had to be cut up afore the pieces could be hauled away, and the action took abundant best than expected.
Organization and administration
Caltech is congenital as a non-profit association and is absolute by a abreast appointed 46-member lath of advisers who serve five-year agreement of appointment and retire at the age of 72. The accepted lath is chaired by David L. Lee, co-founder of Global Crossing Ltd. The Advisers accept a Admiral to serve as the arch controlling administrator of the Convention and administrate the diplomacy on the Convention on account of the board, a Provost who serves as the arch bookish administrator of the Convention beneath the President, and ten added carnality presidential and added chief positions. Former Georgia Tech provost Jean-Lou Chameau became the eighth admiral of Caltech on September 1, 2006, replacing David Baltimore who had served back 1997.Dr. Chameau's advantage for 2008–2009 totaled $799,472.[40] Chameau served until June 30, 2013. Thomas F. Rosenbaum was appear to be the ninth admiral of Caltech on October 24, 2013, and his appellation began on July 1, 2014. Caltech's award is absolute by a abiding Trustee board and administered by an Investment Office.
The Kerckhoff Laboratory of the Biological Sciences
The Convention is organized into six primary bookish divisions: Analysis and Biological Engineering, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering and Activated Science, Geological and Planetary Sciences, Abstract and Amusing Sciences, and Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy. The voting adroitness of Caltech cover all professors, instructors, analysis assembly and fellows, and the University Librarian. Adroitness are amenable for establishing acceptance requirements, bookish standards, and curricula. The Adroitness Lath is the faculty's adumbrative physique and consists of 18 adopted adroitness assembly as able-bodied as added chief administering officials. Full-time advisers are accepted to admonish classes, conduct research, admonish students, and accomplish authoritative plan such as confined on committees.
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is a federally adjourned analysis and development centermost (FFRDC) endemic by NASA and operated as a analysis of Caltech through a arrangement amid NASA and Caltech. In 2008, JPL spent over $1.6 billion on analysis and development and active over 5,000 project-related and abutment employees. The JPL Director aswell serves as a Caltech Carnality Admiral and is amenable to the Admiral of the Convention for the administration of the Laboratory.
Caltech has six bookish capacity with able accent on science and engineering, managing $332 actor in 2011 in sponsored research.Its 124-acre (50 ha) primary campus is amid about 11 mi (18 km) northeast of city Los Angeles. First-year acceptance are appropriate to reside on campus, and 95% of undergraduates abide in the on-campus House System at Caltech. Although Caltech has a able attitude of applied jokes and pranks, apprentice activity is absolute by an account cipher which allows adroitness to accredit take-home examinations. The Caltech Beavers attempt in 13 intercollegiate sports in the NCAA Analysis III's Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference.
Caltech is frequently cited as one of the world's best universities. Despite its baby size, 33 Caltech alumni and adroitness accept won a absolute of 34 Nobel Prizes (Linus Pauling getting the alone alone in history to win two distinct prizes), 5 Fields Medalists, 6 Turing Award winners accept been affiliated with the university, and 71 accept won the United States Civic Medal of Science or Technology. There are 112 adroitness assembly who accept been adopted to the United States Civic Academies. In addition, abundant adroitness assembly are associated with the Howard Hughes Medical Convention as able-bodied as NASA.According to a 2015 Pomona study, Caltech ranked bulk one in the USA for the allotment of its graduates who go on to acquire a PhD.
History
Caltech started as a abstruse academy founded in Pasadena in 1891 by bounded agent and baby-kisser Amos G. Throop. The academy was accepted successively as Throop University, Throop Polytechnic Convention (and Manual Training School), and Throop Academy of Technology, afore accepting its accepted name in 1920. The abstruse academy was disbanded and the basic diplomacy was breach off to anatomy an absolute Polytechnic Academy in 1907.
At a time if accurate analysis in the United States was still in its infancy, George Ellery Hale, a solar astronomer from the University of Chicago, founded the Mount Wilson Observatory in 1904. He abutting Throop's lath of advisers in 1907, and anon began developing it and the accomplished of Pasadena into a above accurate and cultural destination. He engineered the arrangement of James A. B. Scherer, a arcane bookish benighted in science but a able ambassador and armamentarium raiser, to Throop's admiral in 1908. Scherer abiding retired agent and trustee Charles W. Gates to accord $25,000 in berry money to physique Gates Laboratory, the aboriginal science architectonics on campus.
World Wars
In the aforementioned year, a bill was alien in the California Legislature calling for the enactment of a about adjourned "California Convention of Technology", with an antecedent account of a actor dollars, ten times the account of Throop at the time. The lath of advisers offered to about-face Throop over to the state, but the presidents of Stanford University and the University of California auspiciously lobbied to defeat the bill, which accustomed Throop to beforehand as the alone accurate research-oriented apprenticeship convention in southern California, accessible or private, until the access of the World War II apprenticed the broader development of research-based science education. The affiance of Throop admiring accurate chemist Arthur Amos Noyes from MIT to beforehand the academy and abetment in establishing it as a centermost for science and technology.
With the access of World War I, Hale organized the Civic Analysis Lath to alike and abutment accurate plan on aggressive problems. While he accurate the abstraction of federal appropriations for science, he took barring to a federal bill that would accept adjourned engineering analysis at land-grant colleges, and instead approved to accession a $1 actor civic analysis armamentarium absolutely from clandestine sources. To that end, as Hale wrote in The New York Times:
Throop Academy of Technology, in Pasadena California has afresh afforded a arresting analogy of one way in which the Analysis Lath can defended co-operation and beforehand accurate investigation. This institution, with its able lath and accomplished analysis laboratories, could be of abundant account in any ample arrangement of cooperation. Admiral Scherer, audition of the accumulation of the council, anon offered to yield allotment in its work, and with this object, he anchored aural three canicule an added analysis award of one hundred thousand dollars.
Through the Civic Analysis Council, Hale accompanying lobbied for science to play a beyond role in civic affairs, and for Throop to play a civic role in science. The new funds were appointed for physics research, and ultimately led to the enactment of the Norman Bridge Laboratory, which admiring beginning physicist Robert Andrews Millikan from the University of Chicago in 1917. During the advance of the war, Hale, Noyes and Millikan formed calm in Washington on the NRC. Subsequently, they connected their affiliation in developing Caltech.
Under the administering of Hale, Noyes and Millikan (aided by the booming abridgement of Southern California), Caltech grew to civic bulge in the 1920s and concentrated on the development of Roosevelt's "Hundredth Man". On November 29, 1921, the advisers declared it to be the accurate action of the Convention to accompany accurate analysis of the greatest accent and at the aforementioned time "to abide to conduct absolute courses in engineering and authentic science, basing the plan of these courses on awfully able apprenticeship in the axiological sciences of mathematics, physics, and chemistry; adorning and adorning the class by a advanced bulk of apprenticeship in such capacity as English, history, and economics; and activating all the plan of the Convention by the beverage in acceptable admeasurement of the spirit of research."In 1923, Millikan was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. In 1925, the academy accustomed a administering of cartography and assassin William Bennett Munro, again administrator of the analysis of History, Government, and Economics at Harvard University, to actualize a analysis of abstract and amusing sciences at Caltech. In 1928, a analysis of analysis was accustomed beneath the administering of Thomas Hunt Morgan, the a lot of acclaimed biologist in the United States at the time, and discoverer of the role of genes and the chromosome in heredity. In 1930, Kerckhoff Marine Laboratory was accustomed in Corona del Mar beneath the affliction of Professor George MacGinitie. In 1926, a alum academy of aerodynamics was created, which eventually admiring Theodore von Kármán. Kármán after helped actualize the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and played an basic allotment in establishing Caltech as one of the world's centers for rocket science. In 1928, architectonics of the Palomar Observatory began.
Campus
Caltech's 124-acre (50 ha) primary campus is amid in Pasadena, California, about 11 afar (18 km) northeast of city Los Angeles. It is aural walking ambit of Old Town Pasadena and the Pasadena Playhouse District and accordingly the two locations are common getaways for Caltech students.
In 1917 Hale assassin artist Bertram Goodhue to aftermath a adept plan for the 22 acreage (8.9 ha) campus. Goodhue conceived the all-embracing blueprint of the campus and advised the physics building, Dabney Hall, and several added structures, in which he approved to be constant with the bounded climate, the appearance of the school, and Hale's educational philosophy. Goodhue's designs for Caltech were aswell afflicted by the acceptable Spanish mission architectonics of Southern California.
In 1971 a magnitude-6.6 convulsion in San Fernando acquired some accident to the Caltech campus. Engineers who evaluated the accident begin that two celebrated barrio dating from the aboriginal canicule of the Institute—Throop Hall and the Goodhue-designed Culbertson Auditorium—had cracked. These were some of the aboriginal able accurate buildings, and their diplomacy did not accommodate abundant data (such as how abundant reinforcing bar had been anchored in the concrete) to be abiding they were safe, so the engineers recommended demolition. However, abolition these celebrated structures appropriate appreciably added accomplishment than would accept been all-important had they been in absolute crisis of collapse. A ample accident brawl was acclimated to annihilate Throop Hall, and smashing the accurate appear massive amounts of rebar, far in balance of assurance requirements. The rebar had to be cut up afore the pieces could be hauled away, and the action took abundant best than expected.
Organization and administration
Caltech is congenital as a non-profit association and is absolute by a abreast appointed 46-member lath of advisers who serve five-year agreement of appointment and retire at the age of 72. The accepted lath is chaired by David L. Lee, co-founder of Global Crossing Ltd. The Advisers accept a Admiral to serve as the arch controlling administrator of the Convention and administrate the diplomacy on the Convention on account of the board, a Provost who serves as the arch bookish administrator of the Convention beneath the President, and ten added carnality presidential and added chief positions. Former Georgia Tech provost Jean-Lou Chameau became the eighth admiral of Caltech on September 1, 2006, replacing David Baltimore who had served back 1997.Dr. Chameau's advantage for 2008–2009 totaled $799,472.[40] Chameau served until June 30, 2013. Thomas F. Rosenbaum was appear to be the ninth admiral of Caltech on October 24, 2013, and his appellation began on July 1, 2014. Caltech's award is absolute by a abiding Trustee board and administered by an Investment Office.
The Kerckhoff Laboratory of the Biological Sciences
The Convention is organized into six primary bookish divisions: Analysis and Biological Engineering, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering and Activated Science, Geological and Planetary Sciences, Abstract and Amusing Sciences, and Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy. The voting adroitness of Caltech cover all professors, instructors, analysis assembly and fellows, and the University Librarian. Adroitness are amenable for establishing acceptance requirements, bookish standards, and curricula. The Adroitness Lath is the faculty's adumbrative physique and consists of 18 adopted adroitness assembly as able-bodied as added chief administering officials. Full-time advisers are accepted to admonish classes, conduct research, admonish students, and accomplish authoritative plan such as confined on committees.
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is a federally adjourned analysis and development centermost (FFRDC) endemic by NASA and operated as a analysis of Caltech through a arrangement amid NASA and Caltech. In 2008, JPL spent over $1.6 billion on analysis and development and active over 5,000 project-related and abutment employees. The JPL Director aswell serves as a Caltech Carnality Admiral and is amenable to the Admiral of the Convention for the administration of the Laboratory.
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