Temple University (commonly referred to as Temple) is a absolute state-related analysis university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. It was founded in 1884 by Baptist Abbot Russell Conwell. Temple is classified as a "Doctoral University: Highest Analysis Activity." In 2013, Temple accustomed over $224 actor in analysis funding, baronial it 94th out of 643 institutions in the NSF’s Higher Apprenticeship Analysis and Development Survey.

As of 2014, added than 37,000 undergraduate, graduate, and able acceptance are enrolled in over 400 bookish amount programs offered at seven campuses and sites in Pennsylvania, and all-embracing campuses in Rome, Tokyo, Singapore and London.Temple is a part of the nation's better providers of able apprenticeship (law, medicine, podiatry, pharmacy, dentistry, and architecture), advancing the better physique of able practitioners in Pennsylvania.

History
Temple University was founded in 1884 by Russell Conwell, a Yale-educated Boston lawyer, orator, and advancing Baptist minister, who had served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Conwell came to Pennsylvania in 1882 to advance the Grace Baptist Church while he began apprenticeship alive chic citizens backward at night to lath their plan schedules. These students, after dubbed "night owls," were accomplished in the basement of Conwell's Baptist Temple, appropriately the agent of the university's name and mascot. The Grace Baptist Church bound grew accepted aural the North Philadelphia area. A acting lath of advisers was created to handle the rapidly growing formalities associated with the church's programs. When the lath conducted its aboriginal affair they called Russell H. Conwell admiral of "The Temple College." Aural the afterward months, Grace Baptist Church appointed a new lath of trustees, printed official admissions files, and issued banal to accession funds for new teaching facilities. Regardless of whether they had the assets to abutment the school, Conwell’s admiration was “to accord apprenticeship to those who were clumsy to get it through the accepted channels.

Philadelphia accepted a allotment in 1888 to authorize “The Temple Academy of Philadelphia”, but the city-limits banned to admission ascendancy to accolade bookish degrees. By 1888, the acceptance of the academy was about 600. It was in 1907 that Temple Academy revised its institutional cachet and congenital as a university. Legal acceptance as a university added Temple in apparent means including its reputation, able and alum programs, all-embracing enrollment, and banking support.
Over time, Temple expanded: Samaritan Hospital was founded, a Medical Academy was added, and Temple alloyed with the Philadelphia Dental College.[11] After the merger, Temple clearly reincorporated as Temple University on December 12, 1907.

Today, Temple is a Pennsylvania state-related university, acceptation the university receives accompaniment funds, accountable to accompaniment appropriations, but is apart operated.

Academics
Temple University offers added than 400 amount programs at 17 schools and colleges and 5 able schools, including programs in art, business, communications, education, engineering, advanced arts, music, science, and the bloom professions.

In U.S. News & Apple Report's 2016 rankings, Temple is 55th a part of U.S. accessible universities, angry for 115th a part of all civic universities and ranked 356th globally. Temple undergraduate academy is a part of the top colleges profiled in The Princeton Review's The Best 379 colleges (2015). Temple's Arts and Humanities faculty, Social Science and Management faculty, Life Science and Anesthetic adroitness are ranked 182nd, 339th, 350th appropriately in the apple in 2014 by QS Apple University Rankings.Temple's Social Science adroitness is aswell ranked 76-100 in the apple in 2015 by ARWU.Temple is ranked 94th out of 643 US institutions in Civic Science Foundation's 2013 Higher apprenticeship Analysis and Development Survey.

Campuses
Temple University has seven campuses and sites beyond Pennsylvania, additional all-embracing campuses in London, Rome, Spain, and Tokyo.

Temple University Japan
Temple University Japan is a annex campus in Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Temple University Japan is the oldest and better campus of any adopted university in Japan, with about 1,000 acceptance in amount programs. Forty percent of the undergraduate acceptance are Japanese, 40% are from United States and 20% are from added than 50 added countries (as of Fall 2012). Non-degree acceptance is about 830 including Bookish English and Continuing Apprenticeship programs.

The campus offers ten undergraduate majors as able-bodied as M.S.Ed., Ph.D. in Applied Linguistics, EMBA and LL.M programs. It aswell offers division and year-long abstraction away programs for U.S. undergraduates and law acceptance (the closing is the aboriginal American Bar Association-accredited abstraction away affairs in Asia). In addition, Temple University Japan has non-degree English-language, continuing developed education, and accumulated apprenticeship programs.
After continued negotiations involving the U.S. and Japanese governments, Temple University Japan became the aboriginal accustomed adopted university campus in Japan. As a result, its credits and degrees are accustomed as getting agnate to those of Japanese universities and can sponsor visas for all-embracing students. Acceptance are aswell accustomed Japanese apprentice identification cards and can access apprentice discounts on alternation passes, adaptable buzz contracts, and added items.

North Carolina Accompaniment University, is a public, coeducational, analysis university amid in Raleigh, North Carolina, United States. The university is allotment of the University of North Carolina arrangement and is a land, sea, and amplitude acceptance institution.The university forms one of the corners of the Analysis Triangle calm with Duke University in Durham and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

The North Carolina General Assembly founded the North Carolina Academy of Agronomics and Mechanic Arts, now NC State, on March 7, 1887, as a land-grant college. Today, NC Accompaniment has an acceptance of added than 34,000 students, authoritative it the better university in the Carolinas. NC Accompaniment has actual strengths in engineering, statistics, agriculture, activity sciences, bolt and architecture and now offers 106 bachelor's degrees. The alum academy offers 104 master's degrees, 61 doctoral degrees, and a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine.

History
The North Carolina General Assembly founded NC Accompaniment on March 7, 1887 as a land-grant academy beneath the name "North Carolina Academy of Agronomics and Mechanic Arts." In the absolute system, it was accessible alone to white students. As a land-grant college, NC Accompaniment would accommodate a advanced and activated apprenticeship while absorption on aggressive tactics, agronomics and the automated arts afterwards excluding classical studies. Back its founding, the university has maintained these objectives while architecture on them. Afterwards aperture in 1889, NC Accompaniment saw its acceptance alter and its authorization expand. In 1918, it afflicted its name to "North Carolina Accompaniment Academy of Agronomics and Engineering"—or "North Carolina State" for short. During the Great Depression, the North Carolina accompaniment government, beneath Governor O. Max Gardner, administratively accumulated the University of North Carolina, the Woman's Academy (at Greensboro), and NC State. This agglomeration became the University of North Carolina in 1931. Afterward World War II, the university grew and developed. The G.I. Bill enabled bags of veterans to appear college, and acceptance attempt accomplished the 5,000 mark in 1947.

State Academy created new bookish programs, including the Academy of Architecture and Mural Architecture in 1947 (renamed as the Academy of Architecture in 1948), the Academy of Apprenticeship in 1948, and the Academy of Forestry in 1950. In the summer of 1956, afterward the US Supreme Court cardinal in Brown v. Board of Apprenticeship (1954) that absolute accessible apprenticeship was unconstitutional, North Carolina Accompaniment Academy enrolled its aboriginal African-American undergraduates, Ed Carson, Manuel Crockett, Irwin Holmes, and Walter Holmes.

In 1962, Accompaniment Academy admiral adapted to change the institution's name to North Carolina Accompaniment University. Consolidated university administrators accustomed a change to the University of North Carolina at Raleigh, arresting abounding apprentice and alumni who protested the change with letter autograph campaigns. In 1963, Accompaniment Academy clearly became North Carolina Accompaniment of the University of North Carolina. Students, faculty, and alumni connected to accurate annoyance with this name, however, and afterwards two added years of protest, the name was afflicted to the accustomed North Carolina Accompaniment University at Raleigh.The "at Raleigh" allotment is usually bare even on official abstracts such as diplomas, but is allotment of the school's official name.

Celebrating its bazaar in 1987, NC Accompaniment reorganized its centralized structure, renaming all its schools to colleges (e.g. Academy of Engineering to the Academy of Engineering). Aswell in this year, it acquired 700 acreage (2.8 km2) of acreage that was developed as Bazaar Campus. Back then, NC Accompaniment has focused on developing its new Bazaar Campus. It has invested added than $620 actor in accessories and basement at the new campus, with 62 acreage (0.3 km2) of amplitude getting constructed. sixty-one clandestine and government bureau ally are amid on Bazaar Campus.

NC Accompaniment has about 8,000 employees, about 35,000 students, a $1.01 billion anniversary budget, and a $984 actor endowment. It is the better university in the accompaniment and one of the anchors of North Carolina's Analysis Triangle, calm with Duke University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Campuses

Main Campus
NC State's Main Campus has three sub-campuses: North Campus, Central Campus, and South Campus. North Campus is the oldest allotment of NC Accompaniment and is home to a lot of bookish departments and a few abode halls. Central Campus is mainly abode halls, cafeterias, gymnasiums and apprentice abutment facilities. Finally, Greek Court, the McKimmon Conference and Training Center, and apprentice park-and-ride areas are begin on South Campus. North and Central Campus are afar by the North Carolina Railroad. Banal tunnels acquiesce acceptance to drive amid campuses. Central and South Campuses are afar by Western Boulevard, a above city artery. University Housing divides Main Campus into West, Central, and East Campus for abode anteroom purposes. West and Central campuses are disconnected by Dan Allen Drive, while Central and East are disconnected by Morill Drive and Reynolds Coliseum.

Architecturally, Main Campus is accustomed for its characteristic red brick buildings. Brick statues dot the mural and the University Plaza, colloquially alleged "The Brickyard", in Central Campus is nicknamed for its paving material, a lot of sidewalks are aswell fabricated from brick. The Brickyard and sidewalks aswell accommodate white brick mosaics of the contest logo and added patterns.
The Memorial Tower, amid in the Northeast bend of North Campus, serves as the signature of NC Accompaniment and appears in the NC Accompaniment Chancellor's Seal. It was complete as a cairn to alumni dead in World War I. The granite tower, completed in 1937, is 115 anxiety (35 m) tall. As a tradition, the Belltower is lit in red at night anon afterward able-bodied victories and assertive bookish achievements.


The 1911 architecture on North Carolina State's Main Campus
The Court of North Carolina, just West of the Memorial Tower, is amidst by the 1911 Building; the Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences in Tompkins, Caldwell, Winston Halls and The Academy of Apprenticeship in Poe Hall; Page Hall, home to Academy of Engineering offices; and Leazar Hall, above breadth of the Computer Science Teaching Labs. It was already home to 100 copse (one for every canton in North Carolina), but accident acquired by Hurricane Fran in 1996 bargain the amount significantly, including the abolition of a decidedly old and ample timberline which was some 12 anxiety (3.7 m) in diameter. Some replanting has occurred, but the Court's above actualization is far from getting restored.


Completed in 1937, the Memorial Belfry was congenital to account thirty-four NC Accompaniment alumni who died in World War I. It stands 115 ft (35 m) tall.
Southwest of the Court of North Carolina is addition landmark, the Free Expression Tunnel. The Adit functions as one of three banal tunnels beneath the railroad advance amid North Campus and Central Campus. This accurate adit is the website of accustomed graffiti; anyone may acrylic there, and it is generally the abode for political statements, claimed messages, and art. In 2008 racist and aggressive graffiti directed at (then) President-elect Barack Obama prompted an analysis from the United States Secret Service. Acceptance captivated a "Unity Rally" in acknowledgment to accuse the acts of racism.

Academics

Structure
NC Accompaniment is one of 16 campuses that aggregate the University of North Carolina system. Anniversary campus has a top amount of independence, but anniversary submits to the behavior of the UNC arrangement Board of Governors. The 32 voting associates of the Board of Governors are adopted by the North Carolina General Assembly for four-year terms. Admiral Thomas W. Ross active the system.

The Board of Advisers of NC Accompaniment has thirteen associates and sets all behavior for the University. The UNC arrangement Board of Governors elects eight of the advisers and the Governor of North Carolina appoints four. The apprentice physique admiral serves on the Board of Advisers as a voting member. The UNC arrangement aswell elects the Chancellor of NC State, currently Randy Woodson.

The Board of Advisers administers NC State's eleven bookish colleges. Anniversary academy grants its own degrees with the barring of the Aboriginal Year Academy which provides acceptance freshmen the befalling to acquaintance several disciplines afore selecting a major. The Academy of Agronomics and Activity Sciences is the alone academy to action associate's degrees and the Academy of Veterinary Anesthetic does not acceptance undergraduate degrees. Anniversary academy is composed of abundant departments that focus on a accurate conduct or amount program, for archetype English, Computer Science, Genetics or Accounting. There are a absolute of 66 departments administered by all eleven NC Accompaniment colleges.

In total, NC Accompaniment offers nine associate's degrees in agriculture, bachelor's degrees in 102 areas of study, master's degrees in 108 areas and doctorate degrees in 60 areas. NC Accompaniment is accustomed for its programs in agriculture, engineering, veterinary medicine, and science. The bolt and cardboard engineering programs are notable, accustomed the character of the accountable area.

Admission
Considered a added careful university, NC Accompaniment accepts about bisected of those who administer for undergraduate admission. For the chic of 2014, 19,148 activated and 10,372, or 54%, were accepted. For the chic of 2015, 19,634 activated and 10,372, or 53%, were accepted. The abatement of 2012 saw 20,298 acceptance administer for the chic of 2016, the accomplished basin of applicants in the University's history. Alone 10,124, or half, were accepted, an all-time-low; 4,225, or 42 percent, enrolled.

Members of the chic of 2016 had boilerplate SAT verbal, algebraic and autograph array of 591, 627 and 572, respectively, for a two-part absolute (verbal and math) of 1218 (1600-point scale) or a three-part absolute of 1790 (2400-point scale). The 4,225 acceptance who enrolled had an boilerplate top academy GPA of 4.37; 40%, or 1,678, ranked in the top 10% of their acceptance classes. There were 110 valedictorians and 93 salutatorians in the class.

Transfer acceptance is aswell actual competitive. The beggarly alteration GPA was a 3.30 abatement of 2008. In the abatement of 2012, 3,747 acceptance activated to the alteration class; 1,503, or 40%, were admitted.

NC Accompaniment does not crave undergraduate acceptance candidates to acquire a adopted academy of study. Afterwards free that an appellant meets the all-embracing university requirements, the alone academy accept to aswell accede to acquire the student. Because of this process, some colleges accept decidedly college acceptance requirements than others.

The Alum Academy reviews all postgraduate apprenticeship applications. For abatement 2011, 14,923 -to-be acceptance activated to the Alum School; 4,381 (29.4%) were admitted. Of these, 2,982 (68.0%) enrolled. Absolute abatement 2011 alum acceptance was 8,416.

Athletics
North Carolina Accompaniment (NC State) teams are accustomed as the Wolfpack. They attempt as a affiliate of the Civic Collegiate Able-bodied Association (NCAA) Division I akin (Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) sub-level for football), primarily aggressive in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) for all sports back the 1953–54 season. Men's sports cover baseball, basketball, cheerleading, cantankerous country, football, golf, soccer, pond & diving, tennis, clue & acreage and wrestling; while women's sports cover basketball, cheerleading, cantankerous country, golf, gymnastics, soccer, softball, pond and diving, tennis, clue & acreage and volleyball.

NC Accompaniment has won eight civic championships: two NCAA championships, two AIAW championships, and four titles beneath added acceptance bodies. A lot of NC Accompaniment admirers and athletes admit the animosity with the North Carolina Tar Heels as their biggest.[75] NC Accompaniment was a founding affiliate of the Southern Conference and of the Atlantic Coast Conference, and it is one of the four teams on "Tobacco Road"

The primary logo for NC Accompaniment contest is a red block 'S' with an inscribed 'N' and 'C'. The block S has been in use back 1890 but has apparent abounding alterations through the years. It became the sole logo for all NC Accompaniment able-bodied teams in 2000 and was avant-garde to its accustomed architecture in 2006.

NC Accompaniment able-bodied teams are nicknamed the 'Wolfpack' (most women's teams are aswell alleged the "Wolfpack," except for the women's basketball aggregation who go by the "Wolfpack Women"). The name was adopted in 1922 if a annoyed fan declared the behavior of the apprentice physique at able-bodied contest as getting "like a wolf pack." Prior to the acceptance of the accustomed nickname, NC Accompaniment able-bodied teams went by such names as the Aggies, the Techs, and the Red Terrors. Back the 1960s the Wolfpack has been represented at able-bodied contest by its mascots, Mr. and Mrs. Wuf. In print, the 'Strutting Wolf' is acclimated and is accustomed by the name 'Tuffy.'

The NC Accompaniment angry aggregation was accustomed in 1925, and is accomplished by Pat Popolizio, alleged arch angry drillmaster for the Wolfpack on April 10, 2012. The aggregation has won 14 ACC Championships & 5 alone NCAA Champions.

Brown University is a private, Ivy League assay university in Providence, Rhode Island. Founded in 1764 as "The Academy in the English Antecedents of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations," Brown is the seventh-oldest academy of academy apprenticeship in the United States and one of the nine Colonial Colleges accustomed afore the American Revolution.

At its foundation, Brown was the aboriginal academy in the United States to acquire accepting behindhand of their religious affiliation. Its engineering program, accustomed in 1847, was the aboriginal in the Ivy League. Brown's New Curriculum—sometimes referred to in apprenticeship access as the Brown Curriculum—was adopted by adroitness vote in 1969 afterwards a aeon of apprentice lobbying; the New Chic abandoned binding "general education" administration requirements, fabricated accepting "the architects of their own syllabus," and accustomed them to yield any advance for a brand of satisfactory or accustomed no-credit. In 1971, Brown's alike women's institution, Pembroke College, was absolutely alloyed into the university. Pembroke Campus now operates as a abode for dorms and classrooms.

Undergraduate admissions is actual selective, with an accepting amount of 9 percent for the chic of 2020, according to the university.The University comprises The College, the Alum School, Alpert Medical School, the Academy of Engineering, the Academy of Accessible Health, and the Academy of Able Studies (which includes the IE Brown Executive MBA program). Brown's all-embracing programs are organized through the Watson Institute for All-embracing and Accessible Affairs, and the university is academically affiliated with the Marine Biological Laboratory and the Rhode Island Academy of Design. The Brown/RISD Dual Amount Program, offered in affiliation with the Rhode Island Academy of Design, is a five-year advance that awards degrees from both institutions.

Brown's capital campus is amid in the Academy Acropolis Celebrated Commune in the city-limits of Providence, the third better city-limits in New England. The University's adjacency is a federally listed architectural commune with a close absorption of Colonial era buildings. On the western bend of the campus, Benefit Street contains "one of the finest adamant collections of adequate seventeenth- and eighteenth-century architectonics in the United States".
Brown has produced 7 Nobel Prize winners, 55 Rhodes Scholars, 5 Civic Abstract Medalists, eight billionaire graduates, and 10 Civic Medal of Science laureates, and has aswell produced Fulbright, Marshall, and Mitchell scholars. Added notable alumni cover a U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice, 4 U.S. Secretaries of States and added Cabinet officials, over 53 associates of the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate, arresting associates of aristocratic families, as able-bodied as CEOs and founders of Fortune 500 companies.

History

The foundation and the charter
The three petitioners were Ezra Stiles, pastor of Newport's Added Congregational Church and approaching admiral of Yale; William Ellery, Jr., approaching attestant of the United States Declaration of Independence; and Josias Lyndon, approaching governor of the colony. Stiles and Ellery would two years afterwards be co-authors of the Allotment of the College. The editor of Stiles's affidavit observes that, "This abstract of a address connects itself with added affirmation of Dr. Stiles's action for a Collegiate Academy in Rhode Island, afore the allotment of what became Brown University.

Manning accustomed at Newport in July 1763 and was alien to Stiles, who agreed to address the Allotment for the College. Stiles's aboriginal abstract was apprehend to the General Assembly in August 1763 and abandoned by Baptist associates who afraid that the Academy Board of Fellows would underrepresent the Baptists. A revised Charter, accounting by Stiles and Ellery, was adopted by the Assembly on March 3, 1764.

In September 1764 the countdown affair of the Academy Corporation was captivated at Newport. Governor Stephen Hopkins was alleged chancellor, above and approaching governor Samuel Ward was carnality chancellor, John Tillinghast treasurer, and Thomas Eyres secretary. The Allotment assured that the Board of Trustees comprise 22 Baptists, 5 Quakers, 5 Episcopalians, and four Congregationalists. Of the 12 Fellows, eight should be Baptists—including the Academy president—"and the blow agilely of any or all Denominations."

The Allotment was not, as is sometimes supposed, the accepting of King George III, but rather an Act of the colonial General Assembly. In two particulars the Allotment may be said to be a abnormally accelerating document. First, across added colleges had curricular strictures adjoin opposing doctrines, Brown's Allotment asserted that "Sectarian differences of opinions, shall not accomplish any Allotment of the Accessible and Classical Instruction." Second, according to University historian Walter Bronson, "the apparatus administering Brown University accustomed added broadly and fundamentally than any added the assumption of denominational cooperation." The around-the-clock account that Brown's Allotment abandoned banned a religious assay for Academy associates is inaccurate; added academy charters were aswell advanced in that particular.
James Manning was affidavit in as the College's aboriginal admiral in 1765 and served until 1791. In 1770 the Academy confused from Warren, Rhode Island, to the acme of Academy Acropolis overlooking Providence. Solomon Drowne, a apprentice in the chic of 1773, wrote in his account on March 26, 1770:

Presbyterian Lane is the present Academy Street. The eight-acre site, in two parcels, had been purchased by the Corporation for £219, mainly from Moses Brown and John Brown, the accoutrements accepting "formed a allotment of the aboriginal home lots of their ancestor, Chad Brown, and of George Rickard, who bought them from the Indians." University Hall—known until 1823 as "The Academy Edifice"—was modelled on Nassau Hall at the Academy of New Jersey. Its architectonics was managed by the close of Nicholas Brown and Company, which spent £2844 in the aboriginal year architectonics the Academy Edifice and the adjoining President's House.

Nicholas Brown, Jr., architect of the Providence Athenaeum, co-founder of Butler Hospital, philanthropist, progressive, and abolitionist. Afterward his above allowance in 1804, the Academy was renamed Brown University. Painting by Chester Harding, 1836

The Brown family
The Brown family—Nicholas Brown, his son Nicholas Brown, Jr., chic of 1786, John Brown, Joseph Brown, and Moses Brown—were active in affective the Academy to Providence and accepting its endowment. Joseph became a assistant of accustomed aesthetics at the College, John served as its broker from 1775 to 1796, and Nicholas, Junior, succeeded his uncle as broker from 1796 to 1825.
On September 8, 1803, the Corporation voted, "That the donation of $5000 Dollars, if fabricated to this Academy aural one Year from the backward Commencement, shall baptize the donor to name the College." In a letter anachronous September 6, 1804, that address was answered by Academy broker Nicholas Brown, Junior, and the Corporation accustomed its promise: "In acknowledgment to Mr. Brown, the Corporation at the aforementioned affair voted, 'That this Academy be alleged and accustomed in all approaching time by the Name of Brown University'." Over the years, the benefactions of Nicholas Brown, Jr, would absolute about $160,000, an astronomic sum for that period, and included the barrio Hope Academy and Manning Hall, congenital 1821-22 and 1834-35.
It is sometimes afield declared that Brown University was "named after" John Brown, whose bartering action included the busline of African slaves. In fact, Brown University was alleged for Nicholas Brown, Jr—philanthropist, architect of the Providence Athenaeum, co-founder of Butler Hospital, and, crucially, an abolitionist. Beneath the advice of his uncle Moses Brown, one of the arch abolitionists of his day, Nicholas Brown, Junior, became a financier of the movement. (The opposing attitudes to the bondservant barter aural the Brown family—from John Brown's unapologetic participation, to Moses and Nicholas Brown's activist opposition—are declared in Ricardo Howell, "Slavery, the Brown Family of Providence and Brown University" (2001, appear online at Brown.edu), and in Charles Rappleye, Sons of Providence: The Brown Brothers, the Bondservant Trade, and the American Revolution (New York, 2006)).

he American Revolution
In the abatement of 1776, with British argosy patrolling Narragansett Bay, the Academy library was confused out of Providence for safekeeping. On December 7, 1776, six thousand British and Hessian troops beneath the command of Sir Peter Parker sailed into Newport harbor. In a letter accounting afterwards the war, Academy admiral Manning said.

"The aristocratic Army landed on Rhode Island & took control of the same: This brought their Camp in apparent View from the Academy with the naked Eye; aloft which the Country flew to Accoutrements & marched for Providence, there, unprovided with Billet they marched into the Academy & beggared the Students, about 40 in Number."

"In the affirmation for amercement presented by the Corporation to the United States government," says the University historian, "it is declared that the American troops acclimated it for billet and hospital from December 10, 1776, to April 20, 1780, and that the French troops acclimated it for a hospital from June 26, 1780, to May 27, 1782." The French troops were those of the Comte de Rochambeau.

The New Curriculum
In 1850, Brown Admiral Francis Wayland wrote: "The assorted courses should be so abiding that, insofar as practicable, every apprentice ability abstraction what he chose, all that he chose, and annihilation but what he chose." Adopted in 1969, the New Chic is a ceremony in the University's history and is apparent as the ability of Wayland's vision.

The chic was the aftereffect of a cardboard accounting by Ira Magaziner and Elliot Maxwell blue-blooded "Draft of a Working Cardboard for Apprenticeship at Brown University." The cardboard came out of a year-long Group Absolute Abstraction Action (GISP) involving 80 accepting and 15 professors. The GISP was aggressive by student-initiated beginning schools, abnormally San Francisco State College, and accustomed means to "put accepting at the centermost of their education" and "teach accepting how to anticipate rather than just teaching facts."

The cardboard fabricated accurate proposals for the new curriculum, including interdisciplinary freshman-year courses that would acquaint "modes of thought," with apprenticeship from adroitness brought calm from altered disciplines. The aim was to transform the acceptable assay course—often accomplished irenic by first-year students—into a added agreeable process, an assay of the bookish and abstract access amid disciplines. A allocation advantage of Satisfactory/No Credit would be alien to animate accepting to try courses alfresco their grade-point abundance zone. In practice, this allocation addition of the New Curriculum—sometimes blurred and mischaracterized—has been its a lot of acknowledged component, responsible, in the decades back its adoption, for endless career-changing decisions—studio art swapped for neuroscience, assay swapped for anthropology, mathematics swapped for playwriting (and Pulitzer Prizes).

In the bounce of 1969, afterward apprentice rallies in abutment of reform, University admiral Ray Heffner appointed the Appropriate Board on Curricular Philosophy, tasked with developing specific reforms. The consistent report, alleged the Maeder Address afterwards its board chair, was presented to the faculty, which voted the New Chic into actuality on May 7, 1969. Its key appearance
Coat of arms
Brown University's covering of accoutrements is a white acreage disconnected into four sectors by a red cross: aural ceremony across is an accessible book. Above the absorber is a acme consisting of the top bisected of a sun in brightness a part of the clouds aloft a red and white torse. The sun and clouds represent "learning acute the clouds of ignorance." The cantankerous is believed to be a Saint George's Cross, and the accessible books represent learning.

Campus
Brown is the better institutional backer in Providence, with backdrop on Academy Acropolis and in the Jewelry District.The Academy Acropolis campus was congenital contemporarily with the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century precincts that beleaguer it, so that University barrio alloy with the architectural bolt of the city. The alone indicator of "campus" is a brick and wrought-iron fence on Prospect, George, and Waterman streets, anchor the Academy Blooming and Front Green. The appearance of Brown's burghal campus is, then, European amoebic rather than American landscaped.

Main campus
The capital campus, absolute 235 barrio and 143 acreage (0.58 km2), is on Academy Acropolis in Providence's East Side. It is accomplished from city-limits principally by three acutely abrupt streets—College, Waterman, and Angell—which run through the Benefit Street celebrated commune and the campus of the Rhode Island Academy of Design. Academy Street, culminating with Van Wickle Gates at the top of the hill, is abnormally beautiful, and is the ambience for the Convocation and Commencement processions.

The amount blooming spaces of the capital campus are the Front (or "Quiet") Green, the Academy (or "Main") Green, and the Ruth J. Simmons Quadrangle (until 2012 alleged Lincoln Field). The old barrio on these three greens are the a lot of photographed.

Adjacent to this earlier campus are, to the south, bookish barrio and residential quadrangles, including Wriston, Keeney, and Gregorian quadrangles; to the east, Sciences Park appliance two city-limits blocks; to the north, affiliated to Simmons Quadrangle by The Walk, bookish and residential precincts, including the activity sciences circuitous and the Pembroke Campus; and to the west, on the abruptness of Academy Hill, bookish buildings, including Account Art Centermost and the Hay and Rockefeller libraries. Aswell on the abruptness of Academy Hill, abutting with Brown, is the campus of the Rhode Island Academy of Design.

John Hay Library
The John Hay Library is the added oldest library on campus. It was opened in 1910 and alleged for John Hay (class of 1858, clandestine secretary to Abraham Lincoln and Secretary of State beneath two Presidents) at the appeal of his acquaintance Andrew Carnegie, who contributed bisected of the $300,000 amount of the building.It is now the athenaeum of the University's archives, attenuate books and manuscripts, and appropriate collections. Noteworthy a part of the closing are the Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection (described as "the foremost American accumulating of actual adherent to the history and iconography of soldiers and soldiering"), the Harris Accumulating of American Poetry and Plays (described as "the better and a lot of absolute accumulating of its affectionate in any assay library"), the Lownes Accumulating of the History of Science (described as "one of the three a lot of important clandestine collections of books of science in America"), and (for accepting of requests) the affidavit of H.P. Lovecraft. The Hay Library is home to one of the broadest collections of incunabula (15th-century printed books) in the Americas, as able-bodied as such rarities as the arrangement of Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four and a Shakespeare Aboriginal Folio. There are aswell three books apprenticed in animal skin.

John Carter Brown Library
The John Carter Brown Library, founded in 1846, is administered alone from the University, but has been amid on the Capital Blooming of the campus back 1904. It is about admired as the world's arch accumulating of primary actual sources pertaining to the Americas afore 1825. It houses a actual ample allotment of the titles appear afore that date about the discovery, settlement, history, and accustomed history of the New World. The "JCB", as it is known, appear the 29-volume Bibliotheca Americana, a arch bibliography in the field. Typical of its noteworthy backing is the best preserved of the eleven actual copies of the Bay Psalm Book the ancient actual book printed in British Arctic America and the a lot of big-ticket printed book in the world.There is aswell a actual accomplished Shakespeare Aboriginal Folio, added to the accumulating by John Carter Brown's added (a Shakespeare enthusiast) on the across that it includes The Tempest, a play set in the New World. The JCB backing comprise added than 50,000 aboriginal titles and about 16,000 avant-garde books, as able-bodied as prints, manuscripts, maps, and added items in the library's specialty.

Haffenreffer Museum
The exhibition galleries of the Haffenreffer Building of Anthropology, Brown's teaching museum, are amid in Manning Hall on the campus's capital green. Its one actor artifacts, accessible for assay and educational purposes, are amid at its Collections Assay Centermost in Bristol, RI. The museum's ambition is to affect aesthetic and analytical cerebration about ability by adopting interdisciplinary compassionate of the actual world. It provides opportunities for adroitness and accepting to plan with collections and the public, teaching through altar and programs in classrooms and exhibitions. The building sponsors lectures and contest in all areas of anthropology, and aswell runs an all-encompassing affairs of beat to bounded schools.

The "Walk" connects Pembroke Campus to the capital campus. It is a assumption of blooming spaces extending from Ruth Simmons Quadrangle (Lincoln Field) in the south to the Pembroke Academy cairn on Affair Street in the north. It is belted by authoritative barrio and the Granoff Centermost for the Aesthetic Arts. A focal point of The Walk will be the Maya Lin-designed water-circulating topographical carve of Narragansett Bay, to be installed in 2014 next to the Institute for the Abstraction of Environment and Society.

Academic
Presidents
Brown's accustomed admiral Christina Hull Paxson took appointment in 2012. She had ahead been administrator of the Woodrow Wilson Academy at Princeton University and a past-chair of Princeton's economics department. In 2014 and 2015, Paxson presided over the year-long ceremony of the 250th ceremony of Brown's founding. Her actual antecedent as admiral was Ruth J. Simmons, the aboriginal African American admiral of an Ivy League institution. Simmons will abide at Brown as a assistant of Comparative Literature and Africana Studies.

The College
Founded in 1764, the Academy is the oldest academy of Brown University. About 6,400 undergraduate accepting are currently enrolled in the College, and 79 concentrations (majors) are offered. Completed concentrations of undergraduates by across are amusing sciences 42 percent, abstract 26 percent, activity sciences 17 percent, and concrete sciences 14 percent. The concentrations with the greatest amount of accepting are Biology, History, and All-embracing Relations. Brown is one of the few schools in the United States with an undergraduate absorption (major) in Egyptology. Undergraduates can aswell architectonics an absolute absorption if the absolute programs do not adjust with their curricular focus.

35 percent of undergraduates accompany alum or able abstraction immediately, 60 percent aural 5 years, and 80 percent aural 10 years. For the Chic of 1998, 75 percent of all graduates accept back enrolled in a alum or able amount program. The degrees acquired were doctoral 22 percent, master's 35 percent, anesthetic 28 percent, and law 14 percent.
The accomplished fields of appliance for graduates of the Academy are business 36 percent, apprenticeship 19 percent, health/medical 6 percent, arts 6 percent, government 6 percent, and communications/media 5 percent.

The accent of the Academy Allotment has been interpreted as black the enactment able schools. Brown and Princeton are the alone Ivy League colleges with neither business academy nor law school.

Brown/RISD Dual Amount Program
Brown's abreast acquaintance on Academy Acropolis is the Rhode Island Academy of Architectonics (RISD), America's top-ranked art college. Brown and RISD accepting can cross-register at the two institutions, with Brown accepting acceptable to yield as abounding as four courses at RISD that calculation appear a Brown degree. The two institutions accomplice to accommodate assorted student-life casework and the two apprentice bodies compose a synergy in the Academy Acropolis cultural scene.

The Brown/RISD Dual Amount Program, a part of the a lot of careful in the country, offered accepting to 17 of the 512 applicants for the chic entering in autumn 2015, an accepting amount of 3.3 percent. It combines the commutual strengths of the two institutions, amalgam flat art at RISD with the absolute spectrum of Brown's authoritative offerings. Accepting are accustomed to the Dual Amount Affairs for a advance abiding 5 years and culminating in both the Bachelor of Arts (A.B.) amount from Brown and the Bachelor of Accomplished Arts (B.F.A.) amount from RISD. Prospective accepting accept to administer to the two schools alone and be accustomed by abstracted admissions committees. Their appliance accept to again be accustomed by a third Brown/RISD collective committee.

Admitted accepting absorb the aboriginal year in abode at RISD commutual its "foundation course," and the added year in abode at Brown. Another year at ceremony academy ensues, with the fifth year spent according to the student's electives. Affairs participants are acclaimed for their aesthetic and aboriginal access to cross-disciplinary opportunities, combining, for example, automated architectonics with engineering, or anatomical analogy with animal biology, or aesthetics with sculpture, or architectonics with burghal studies. An anniversary "BRDD Exhibition" is a well-publicized and heavily abounding event, cartoon absorption and attendees from the added apple of industry, design, the media, and the accomplished arts.

Theatre and playwriting
Brown's theatre and playwriting programs are a part of the best-regarded in the country. Back 2003 eight altered Brown graduates accept either won (four times) or been nominated for (six times) the Pulitzer Prize—including winners Lynn Nottage '86, Ayad Akhtar '93, Nilo Cruz '94, and Quiara Alegría Hudes '04; and nominees Sarah Ruhl '97 (twice), Gina Gionfriddo '97 (twice), Stephen Karam '02, and Jordan Harrison '03. In American Theater magazine's 2009 baronial of the most-produced American plays, Brown graduates active four of the top 5 places—Peter Nachtrieb '97, Rachel Sheinkin '89, Sarah Ruhl '97, and Stephen Karam '02.

The undergraduate absorption (major) encompasses programs in theatre history, achievement theory, playwriting, dramaturgy, acting, directing, dance, speech, and abstruse production. Applications for doctoral and master's amount programs are fabricated through the University Alum School. Master's degrees in acting and administering are pursued in affiliation with the Rep MFA program, which ally with one of the country's abundant bounded theatres, Trinity Repertory Company, home of the endure longstanding citizen acting aggregation in the country.Trinity Rep's present aestheti
administrator Curt Columbus succeeded Oskar Eustis in 2006, if Eustis was alleged to advance New York's Accessible Theater.

The abounding achievement spaces accessible to Brown accepting cover the Chace and Dowling theaters at Trinity Rep; the McCormack Family, Lee Strasberg, Rites and Reason, Ashamu Dance, Stuart, and Leeds theatres in University departments; the Upstairs Space and Downstairs Space accepting to the wholly student-run Assembly Workshop; and Alumnae Hall, acclimated by Brown University Gilbert & Sullivan and by Brown Opera Productions. Assembly architectonics courses advance the John Street Flat of Eugene Lee, three-time Tony Award-winner.

Admission and banking aid
For the undergraduate chic of 2019, Brown accustomed 30,397 applicants, of whom 2,580 were accepted, for an accepting amount of 8.5 percent. Additionally, for the bookish year 2013-14 there were 1,769 applicants from added colleges who admired to alteration to Brown, of whom 6 percent were accepted. According to the university, of applicants who were either salutatorian or valedictorian, 15 and 18 percent appropriately were accepted. In the enrolled chic of 2017, 94 percent were in the top tenth of their top academy class. In 2013 the Alum Academy accustomed 17 percent of 9,215 applicants. In 2014, U.S. News ranked Brown's Warren Alpert Medical Academy the 5th a lot of careful in the country, with an accepting amount of 2.9 percent.

Brown accepting action is assured need-blind for all calm applicants. Brown's banking aid basics website, in August 2014, stated: "For families (including both parents) with a absolute assets beneath $60,000, and assets beneath than $100,000, no ancestor addition is affected appear the Expected Family Addition (EFC). For families with absolute assets beneath $100,000, the accommodation basic of the banking aid accolade is replaced with added scholarship." In 2013-14, the affairs awarded need-based scholarships account $95 million. The boilerplate need-based accolade for the chic of 2017 was $43,427.

Athletics
Brown is a affiliate of the Ivy League able-bodied conference, which is categorized as a Division I (top level) appointment of the Civic Collegiate Able-bodied Association (NCAA). The Brown Bears are the third better university sports affairs in the United States, allotment 38 varsity intercollegiate teams (Harvard sponsors 42 and Princeton 39). Brown's able-bodied affairs is one of the U.S. News & Apple Address top 20—the "College Sports Honor Roll"—based on across of affairs and athletes' graduation rates. Brown's newest varsity aggregation is women's rugby, answer from club-sport cachet in 2014.

Brown women's canoeing has won 7 civic titles in the endure 14 years.[when?] Brown men's canoeing perennially finishes in the top 5 in the nation, a lot of afresh acceptable silver, bronze, and argent in the civic championship contest of 2012, 2013, and 2014. The men's and women's crews accept aswell won championship trophies at the Henley Aristocratic Regatta and the Henley Women's Regatta. Brown's men's soccer is consistently ranked in the top 20, and has won 18 Ivy League titles overall; recent[when?] soccer graduates play professionally in Above League Soccer and overseas. Brown football, beneath its a lot of acknowledged drillmaster historically, Phil Estes, won Ivy League championships in 1999, 2005, and 2008. (Brown football's reemergence is accustomed to its 1976 Ivy League championship team, "The Magnificent Andersons," so alleged for its coach, John Anderson.) High-profile alumni of the football affairs cover Houston Texans arch drillmaster Bill O'Brien; above Penn State football drillmaster Joe Paterno, Heisman Trophy namesake John W. Heisman, and Pollard Accolade namesake Fritz Pollard. The Men's Lacrosse aggregation aswell has a continued and acclaimed history. Brown women's gymnastics won the Ivy League clash in 2013 and 2014. Brown varsity equestrian has won the Ivy League championship several times. Brown aswell supports aggressive intercollegiate club sports, including sailing and ultimate frisbee. The men's ultimate team, Brownian Motion, has alert won the civic championship, in 2000 and 2005.

Rankings
In 2014, Civic Science Foundation ranked Brown University 66th in the United States by research. As of 2016, U.S. News & Apple Address ranks Brown University 99th globally.
In its 2015 baronial of the "Best Colleges Nationwide," USA Today–College Factual placed Brown 6th (between MIT and Stanford University). The aforementioned USA Today–College Factual baronial put Brown 5th (between Harvard University and the University of Virginia) a part of "Best US Colleges for a Above in English."

The 2013 U.S. News & Apple Address rankings' associate appraisal allocation gives the academy a account of 4.4, angry with University of Pennsylvania, Dartmouth, Northwestern, and University of Michigan.

In 2014, Forbes annual ranked Brown seventh (between Caltech and Princeton University) on its account of "America's A lot of Entrepreneurial Universities." The Forbes assay looked at the arrangement of "alumni and accepting who accept articular themselves as founders and business owners on LinkedIn" and the absolute amount of alumni and students.

LinkedIn anecdotic the Forbes rankings, agreement Brown third (between MIT and Princeton) a part of "Best Undergraduate Universities for Software Developers at Startups." LinkedIn's alignment complex a career-path assay of "millions of alumni profiles" in its associates database.
Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, United States, is the capital campus of the Purdue University system. It was founded in 1869 afterwards a donation of acreage and money from Lafayette agent John Purdue to authorize a academy of science, technology, and agronomics in his name. The aboriginal classes were captivated on September 16, 1874, with six advisers and 39 students.

The West Lafayette campus offers added than 200 majors for undergraduates, over 70 master’s and doctoral programs, and able degrees in pharmacy and veterinary medicine. In addition, Purdue has 18 intercollegiate sports teams and added than 900 apprentice organizations. Purdue is a affiliate of the Big Ten Conference and enrolls the additional better apprentice physique of any university in Indiana, as able-bodied as the fourth better all-embracing apprentice citizenry of any university in the United States.

History
In 1865, the Indiana Accepted Assembly voted to yield advantage of the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act of 1862, and began affairs to authorize an academy with a focus on agronomics and engineering. Communities throughout the accompaniment offered their accessories and money to bid for the breadth of the new college. Accepted proposals included the accession of an agronomics administration at Indiana Accompaniment University or at what is now Butler University. By 1869, Tippecanoe County’s activity included $150,000 (equivalent to $2.7 actor in 2015) from Lafayette business baton and philanthropist John Purdue, $50,000 from the county, and 100 acreage (0.4 km2) of acreage from bounded residents. On May 6, 1869, the Accepted Assembly accustomed the academy in Tippecanoe Canton as Purdue University, in the name of the arch benefactor. Classes began at Purdue on September 16, 1874, with six advisers and 39 students. Professor John S. Hougham was Purdue’s aboriginal adroitness affiliate and served as acting admiral amid the administrations of presidents Shortridge and White. A campus of 5 barrio was completed by the end of 1874. Purdue issued its aboriginal degree, a Bachelor of Science in chemistry, in 1875 and accepted its aboriginal changeable acceptance that fall.

Emerson E. White, the university’s admiral from 1876 to 1883, followed a austere estimation of the Morrill Act. Rather than challenge the classical universities, White believed that Purdue should be an "industrial college" and allot its assets against accouterment a avant-garde (or broad) apprenticeship with an accent on science, technology, and agriculture. He advised not alone to adapt acceptance for automated work, but aswell to adapt them to be acceptable citizens and ancestors members. Part of White’s plan to analyze Purdue from classical universities included a arguable attack to ban fraternities. This ban was ultimately chaotic by the Indiana Supreme Court and led to White’s resignation. The next president, James H. Smart, is remembered for his alarm in 1894 to clean the aboriginal Heavilon Hall "one brick higher" afterwards it had been destroyed by a fire.
By the end of the nineteenth century, the university was organized into schools of agriculture, engineering (mechanical, civil, and electrical), and pharmacy, and above U.S. Admiral Benjamin Harrison was confined on the lath of trustees.Purdue’s engineering laboratories included testing accessories for a adaptable and a Corliss beef engine, one of the a lot of able engines of the time. The Academy of Agronomics was administration its analysis with farmers throughout the accompaniment with its accommodating addendum casework and would abide a aeon of advance over the afterward two decades. Programs in apprenticeship and home economics were anon established, as able-bodied as a brief academy of medicine. By 1925 Purdue had the better undergraduate engineering acceptance in the country, a cachet it would accumulate for bisected a century.

President Edward C. Elliott oversaw a campus architecture affairs amid the apple wars. Inventor, alumnus, and trustee David E. Ross accommodating several fundraisers, donated acreage to the university, and was active in establishing the Purdue Analysis Foundation. Ross’s ability and fundraisers accurate such projects as Ross–Ade Stadium, the Memorial Union, a civilian engineering analysis camp, and Purdue University Airport. Purdue Airport was the country’s aboriginal university-owned airport and the website of the country’s aboriginal college-credit flight training courses. Amelia Earhart abutting the Purdue adroitness in 1935 as a adviser for these flight courses and as a advisor on women’s careers. In 1937, the Purdue Analysis Foundation provided the funds for the Lockheed Electra 10-E that Earhart flew on her attempted round-the-world flight.
Every academy and administration at the university was complex in some blazon of aggressive analysis or training during Apple War II. During a activity on alarm receivers, Purdue physicists apparent backdrop of germanium that led to the authoritative of the aboriginal transistor. The Army and the Navy conducted training programs at Purdue and added than 17,500 students, staff, and alumni served in the armed forces. Purdue set up about a hundred centers throughout Indiana to alternation accomplished workers for aegis industries. As veterans alternate to the university beneath the G.I. Bill, first-year classes were accomplished at some of these sites to allay the appeal for campus space. Four of these sites are now degree-granting bounded campuses of the Purdue University system. Purdue’s on-campus apartment became racially desegregated in 1947, afterward burden from Purdue Admiral Frederick L. Hovde and Indiana Governor Ralph F. Gates.

After the war, Hovde formed to aggrandize the bookish opportunities at the university. A decade-long architecture affairs emphasized science and research. In the backward 1950s and aboriginal 1960s the university accustomed programs in veterinary medicine, automated management, and nursing, as able-bodied as the aboriginal computer science administration in the United States.Undergraduate abstract courses were strengthened, although Hovde alone cautiously accustomed of graduate-level abstraction in these areas. Purdue awarded its aboriginal Bachelor of Arts degrees in 1960.The programs in avant-garde arts and education, aforetime administered by the Academy of Science, were anon breach into their own school.

The official allowance of Purdue was clearly inaugurated during the university's bazaar in 1969. Consisting of elements from emblems that had been acclimated unofficially for 73 years, the accepted allowance depicts a griffin, emblematic strength, and a three-part shield, apery education, research, and service.

Campus
Purdue's campus is anchored in the baby city-limits of West Lafayette, abreast the western coffer of the Wabash River, beyond which sits the beyond city-limits of Lafayette. Accompaniment Street, which is circumstantial with Accompaniment Road 26, divides the arctic and southern portions of campus. Bookish barrio are mostly concentrated on the eastern and southern locations of campus, with abode halls and civil fields to the west, and able-bodied accessories to the north. The Greater Lafayette Accessible Transportation Corporation (CityBus) operates eight campus bend bus routes on which students, faculty, and agents can ride chargeless of allegation with Purdue Identification.

Purdue Mall
The Purdue Mall is the axial cloister of Purdue University. Aswell accepted as the Purdue Spine, due to its adjacency to several important bookish buildings, it was created to affix the bookish campus with Ross-Ade Stadium. It is accepted as the Engineering Mall, due to its adjacency to several engineering buildings. The a lot of arresting affection of the Purdue Mall is the 38-foot (12 m)-tall accurate Engineering Fountain, and aswell appearance the Frederick L. Hovde Hall of Administration, which houses the appointment of the university president, Mitchell E. Daniels. The Purdue Bell Tower is amid amid the Stadium and Bazaar Malls. The Bell Tower is advised an figure of the university and can be begin on abounding Purdue logos and those of the cities of Lafayette and West Lafayette.

Southwest of the Stadium Mall is the Edward C. Elliott Hall of Music, one of the better proscenium theaters in the world. Purdue's Apprentice Concert Committee generally invites acclaimed entertainers to accomplish there for an admirers of students, faculty, and the accepted public.

Memorial Mall
The Purdue Memorial Mall, amid south of the Purdue Mall, is the aboriginal breadth of campus. A accepted affair abode for students, the grassy, accessible Memorial Mall is amidst by the Stewart Center, Wetherill Class of Chemistry, Stanley Coulter Hall, the Class of 1950 Lecture Hall, the Recitation Building, University Hall, and Stone Hall. The Memorial Mall aswell appearance the Hello Walk. Abreast this breadth of campus is Felix Haas Hall, which was complete in 1909 as Memorial Gymnasium in anamnesis of the 17 Purdue University football players, coaches, alumni, and admirers who asleep in the Purdue Wreck railroad blow on October 31, 1903. The anatomy was adapted in 1985 to abode the Computer Science department. In 2006, it was renamed in account of retired Provost Felix Haas and began to aswell abode the Statistics department. East of the Memorial Mall is the Purdue Memorial Union, Purdue's apprentice abutment building, and the adjoining Abutment Club Hotel.

University Hall is the alone architecture actual from the aboriginal six-building campus. Architecture began in 1871, if the architecture was accepted as "The Capital Building". The architecture was committed in 1877 and the activity amount $35,000 to complete. University Hall originally housed the appointment of the president, a chapel, and classrooms, but was adapted in 1961 to abode alone the administration of history and classrooms acclimated by the Academy of Avant-garde Arts. At the appeal of John Purdue, he was active in the Memorial Mall, anon beyond from the capital access of University Hall.

South Campus
The breadth south of Accompaniment Street is home to Purdue's agricultural, accomplished arts, activity sciences, and veterinary buildings. This breadth aswell includes the Krannert Academy of Management, Horticulture Gardens, Discovery Park, Lyles Porter Hall and the Purdue Airport. The Krannert Academy of administration has been nationally and globally ranked for both undergraduate and alum amount programs. Krannert and Rawls Hall accommodate accompaniment of the art acquirements accessories to the majority of business classes on campus. Rawls Hall was congenital in 2006 with the advice of a $10 actor allowance from Jerry S. Rawls, the better in the administration school's history. Lyles Porter Hall houses interdisciplinary healthcare accessories and classroom amplitude aural the Academy of Health and Human Sciences as able-bodied as the Academy of Medicine. Collectively, acceptance and analytic adroitness aural Nursing, Health and Kinesiology, Nutrition Science, Psychological Sciences, and Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences see about 3,000 patients a year aural this avant-garde interdisciplinary healthcare facility. The architecture appearance a nursing clinic, specialized preschool, exercise center, appointment amplitude and affirmation kitchen for dietitians in training, analytic attitude facility, audiology and speech-language anatomy clinics, body class for physicians in training, and analysis laboratories. Purdue University Airport, which opened in 1930 was the aboriginal of its kind, and charcoal one of alone a few university-owned airports in the nation. Including the Niswonger Aerodynamics Technology Building, which was committed in 2009, the ability symbolizes Purdue's acclaimed accord with aviation.

West Campus
The western allocation of campus consists of apprentice housing, dining, and amusement facilities. Acceptance can play club and civil sports at the Córdova Recreational Sports Center, the Boilermaker Aquatic Center, and the civil arena fields in this area. The Córdova Recreational Sports Center, congenital in 1957, is the aboriginal architecture in the nation created alone to serve university apprentice recreational needs. As a backup for the ahead abstracted women's and men's gymnasiums, it was originally alleged the "Co-recreational Gymnasium". Despite several expansions and official name changes, it has been nicknamed "the Co-rec" anytime since.

Academics
Purdue offers both undergraduate and alum programs in over 211 above areas of study, and is able-bodied accepted for its aggressive engineering curricula. The university has aswell been awful affecting in America's history of aviation, accepting accustomed the aboriginal academy acclaim offered in flight training, the aboriginal four-year bachelor's amount in aviation, and the aboriginal university airport (Purdue University Airport). Purdue's aerodynamics technology and aeriform engineering programs abide a part of the a lot of aggressive aviation-specific programs in the world. In the mid-20th century, Purdue's aerodynamics affairs broadcast to beset avant-garde spaceflight technology giving acceleration to Purdue's nickname, Cradle of Astronauts. Twenty-three Purdue graduates accept gone on to become astronauts, including Gus Grissom (one of the aboriginal Mercury Seven astronauts), Neil Armstrong (the aboriginal being to airing on the moon), and Eugene Cernan (the endure being to airing on the moon).

In accession to its able engineering and science programs, the English Administration at Purdue has accomplished bulge for accepting created the aboriginal Online Autograph Lab (OWL) in 1994. Abounding colleges and universities use the website for the Purdue OWL as a advertence for the able chat usage, punctuation, grammar, and appearance in bookish writing.

Research
The University expended $472.7 actor in abutment of analysis system-wide in 2006–07, application funds accustomed from the accompaniment and federal governments, industry, foundations, and alone donors. The adroitness and added than 400 analysis laboratories put Purdue University a part of the arch analysis institutions. Purdue University is advised by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Apprenticeship to accept "very top analysis activity". Purdue aswell was rated the nation's fourth best abode to plan in academia, according to rankings appear in November 2007 by The Scientist magazine. Purdue's advisers accommodate insight, knowledge, assistance, and solutions in abounding acute areas. These include, but are not bound to Agriculture; Business and Economy; Education; Engineering; Environment; Healthcare; Individuals, Society, Culture; Manufacturing; Science; Technology; Veterinary Medicine. Purdue University generated a almanac $438 actor in sponsored analysis allotment during the 2009–10 budgetary year with accord from National Science Foundation, National Aeronautics and Amplitude Administration, and the U.S. departments of Agriculture, Defense, Energy, and Health and Human Services.

Purdue University accustomed the Discovery Esplanade to accompany addition through multidisciplinary action. In all of the eleven centers of Discovery Park, alignment from entrepreneurship to activity and avant-garde manufacturing, analysis projects reflect a ample bread-and-butter appulse and abode all-around challenges. Purdue University's nanotechnology analysis program, congenital about the new Birck Nanotechnology Centermost in Discovery Park, ranks a part of the best in the nation.

The Purdue Analysis Esplanade which opened in 1961 was developed by Purdue Analysis Foundation which is a private, nonprofit foundation created to abetment Purdue. The esplanade is focused on companies operating in the arenas of activity sciences, citizenry security, engineering, avant-garde accomplishment and advice technology. It provides an alternate ambiance for accomplished Purdue advisers and for clandestine business and high-tech industry. It currently employs added than 3,000 humans in 155 companies, including 90 technology-based firms. The Purdue Analysis Esplanade was ranked aboriginal by the Association of University Analysis Parks in 2004.

Rankings
n its 2016 edition, U.S. News & Apple Report ranked Purdue as angry for the 21st-best accessible university in the United States, angry for 61st overall, and angry for 72nd best globally.Additionally, U.S. News & Apple Report rated Purdue angry for 14th for best undergraduate teaching, and the alum affairs in engineering angry for 6th best nationally.

The Academy of William & Mary in Virginia (also accepted as William & Mary, or W&M) is a attainable analysis university amid in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. Royally founded in 1693 by belletrist apparent issued by King William III and Queen Mary II, it is the second-oldest academy of academy apprenticeship in the United States afterwards Harvard University. William & Mary is one of the aboriginal eight "Public Ivies," a appellation coined by Richard Moll in 1985 for about adjourned universities accouterment a superior of apprenticeship advised commensurable to that attainable in the Ivy League.

William & Mary accomplished U.S. Presidents Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and John Tyler as able-bodied as added key abstracts important to the development of the nation, including U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall, Speaker of the House Henry Clay, sixteen associates of the Continental Congress, and four signers of the Declaration of Independence. W&M acceptance founded the Phi Beta Kappa bookish account association in 1776 and W&M was the aboriginal academy of academy apprenticeship in the United States to install an account cipher of conduct for students. The enactment of alum programs in law and anesthetic in 1779 makes it one of the aboriginal universities in the United States.

In accession to its undergraduate affairs (which includes an all-embracing collective amount affairs with the University of St Andrews and a collective engineering affairs with Columbia University), W&M is home to several alum programs (including computer science, attainable policy, physics, and colonial history) and four able schools (law, business, education, and abyssal science).

History
Colonial era: 1693–1776
A academy of academy apprenticeship for both Native American adolescent men and the sons of the colonists was one of the ancient goals of the leaders of the Antecedents of Virginia. The Academy was founded on February 8, 1693, beneath a aristocratic allotment (legally, belletrist patent) to "make, begin and authorize a assertive Place of Universal Study, a abiding Academy of Divinity, Philosophy, Languages, and added acceptable arts and sciences...to be accurate and maintained, in all time coming." Alleged in account of the ascendant monarchs King William III and Queen Mary II, the Academy is the additional oldest academy in the United States. The aboriginal affairs for the Academy date aback to 1618 but were baffled by the Indian Massacre of 1622, a change in government (in 1624, the Virginia Company's allotment was revoked by King James I and the Virginia Antecedents was transferred to aristocratic ascendancy as a acme colony), contest accompanying to the English Civil War, and Bacon's Rebellion. In 1695 afore the boondocks of Williamsburg existed, architectonics began on the Academy Building, now accepted as the Sir Christopher Wren Building, in what was again alleged Middle Plantation (Virginia). It is the oldest academy architectonics in America. The Academy is one of the country's nine Colonial Colleges founded afore the American Revolution. The Allotment alleged James Blair as the College's aboriginal admiral (a lifetime arrangement which he captivated until his afterlife in 1743). William & Mary was founded as an Anglican institution; acceptance were appropriate to be associates of the Church of England, and advisers were appropriate to acknowledge adherence to the Thirty-Nine Articles.

In 1693, the Academy was accustomed a bench in the House of Burgesses and it was bent the Academy would be accurate by tobacco taxes and consign duties on furs and beastly skins. The Academy acquired a 330 acreage (1.3 km2) bindle for the new school, 8 afar (13 km) from Jamestown. In 1694, the new academy opened in acting buildings.

Williamsburg was accepted a aristocratic allotment as a city-limits in 1722 by the Acme and served as the basic of Colonial Virginia from 1699 to 1780. During this time, the Academy served as a law centermost and accumulation frequently acclimated its buildings. It accomplished approaching U.S. Presidents Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and John Tyler. The Academy has been alleged "the Alma Mater of a Nation" because of its abutting ties to America's founding fathers. A 17-year-old George Washington accustomed his surveyor's authorization through the Academy and would acknowledgment as its aboriginal American chancellor. William & Mary is acclaimed for its firsts: the aboriginal U.S. academy with a Aristocratic Charter, the aboriginal Greek-letter association (Phi Beta Kappa, founded in 1776), the aboriginal apprentice account cipher and the aboriginal law academy in America. The Academy became a state-supported academy in 1906 and became coeducational in 1918. In 1928, John D. Rockefeller, Jr. chose the Academy Architectonics as the aboriginal architectonics to be alternate to its 18th-century actualization as allotment of the iconic Colonial Williamsburg restoration.

Revolution and transition
During the aeon of the American Revolution, abandon of adoration was accustomed in Virginia conspicuously with the 1786 access of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom. Approaching U.S. Admiral James Madison was a key amount in the alteration to religious abandon in Virginia, and Right Reverend James Madison, his accessory and Thomas Jefferson, who was on the Board of Visitors, helped the Academy of William & Mary to accomplish the alteration as well. In 1779 the academy became the aboriginal American university with the enactment of the alum schools in law and medicine.[clarification needed] As its President, Reverend Madison formed with the new leaders of Virginia, a lot of conspicuously Jefferson, on a about-face and changes for the Academy which included the abolishment of the Divinity Academy and the Indian Academy and the enactment of the aboriginal constituent arrangement of abstraction and account system.

The Academy of William and Mary is home to the nation's aboriginal bookish abstruse society, the F.H.C. Society, bargain accepted as the Flat Hat Club, founded November 11, 1750. On December 5, 1776, acceptance John Heath and William Short (Class of 1779) founded Phi Beta Kappa as a abstruse arcane and abstract society. Added abstruse societies accepted to currently abide at the Academy include: The 7 Society, 13 Club, Alpha Club, Bishop James Madison Society, The Society, The Spades, W Society, and Wren Society.

In 1842, alumni of the Academy formed the Association of the Alumniwhich is now the sixth oldest alumni alignment in the United States. In 1859, a abundant blaze acquired abolition to the Academy Building. The Alumni House is one of the few aboriginal antebellum structures actual on campus; notable others awning the Wren Building, the President's House, the Brafferton, and Prince George House.

Civil War, Reconstruction, and the aboriginal 20th century
At the alpha of the American Civil War (1861–1865), enlistments in the Confederate States Army depleted the apprentice physique and on May 10, 1861, the adroitness voted to abutting the Academy for the continuance of the conflict. The Academy Architectonics was acclimated as a Confederate billet and afterwards as a hospital, aboriginal by Confederate, and afterwards Union forces. The Battle of Williamsburg was fought adjacent during the Peninsula Campaign on May 5, 1862, and the city-limits was captured by the Union army the next day. The Brafferton architectonics of the Academy was acclimated for a time as abode for the advantageous administrator of the Union billet application the town. On September 9, 1862, bashed soldiers of the 5th Pennsylvania Cavalry set blaze to the Academy Building, purportedly in an attack to anticipate Confederate snipers from application it for cover. Much accident was done to the association during the Union occupation, which lasted until September 1865.

Following apology of the Union, Virginia was bankrupt from the War. The College's 16th president, Benjamin Stoddert Ewell, assuredly reopened the academy in 1869 application his claimed funds but the Academy bankrupt in 1882 due to abridgement of funds. In 1888, William & Mary resumed operations beneath a acting allotment if the Commonwealth of Virginia anesthetized an actabduction $10,000 to abutment the Academy as a accompaniment teacher-training institution. Lyon Gardiner Tyler (son of US Admiral and alum John Tyler) became the 17th admiral of the Academy afterward Admiral Ewell's retirement. Tyler, forth with 18th admiral J. A. C. Chandler, broadcast the Academy into a avant-garde institution. In March 1906, the General Accumulation anesthetized an act demography over the area of the colonial institution, and it has remained about accurate anytime since. In 1918, William & Mary became one of the aboriginal universities in Virginia to accept women and become coeducational. During this time, acceptance added from 104 acceptance in 1889 to 1269 acceptance by 1932.

Largely acknowledgment to the eyes of a William and Mary instructor, Reverend Dr. W. A. R. Goodwin, the Academy Building, the President's House and the Brafferton (originally the Indian School) were adequate to their 18th aeon actualization amid 1928 and 1932 with abundant banking abutment from John D. Rockefeller, Jr. and his wife, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. Together, they led the enactment and ancestry of Colonial Williamsburg.

Campus
The Academy is amid on a 1,200-acre (490 ha) campus in Williamsburg, Virginia. In 2011, Travel+Leisure alleged William & Mary one of the a lot of admirable academy campuses in the United States.

The Sir Christopher Wren Architectonics is the oldest academy architectonics in the United States and a National Historic Landmark. The building, colloquially referred to as the "Wren Building", was alleged aloft its advance in 1931 to account the English artist Sir Christopher Wren. The base for the 1930s name is a 1724 history in which Hugh Jones declared the 1699 architectonics was "first modelled by Sir Christopher Wren" and again was acclimatized "by the Gentlemen there" in Virginia; little is accepted about how it looked, back it austere aural a few years of its completion. Today's Wren Architectonics is based on the architectonics of its 1716 replacement. The College's Alumni Association afresh appear an commodity suggesting Wren's affiliation to the 1931 architectonics is a applicable accountable of investigation.

Two added barrio about the Wren Architectonics complete a triangle accepted unofficially as "Ancient Campus": the Brafferton (built in 1723 and originally apartment the Indian School, now the Admiral and Provost's offices) and the President's House (built in 1732). In accession to the "Ancient Campus," which dates to the 18th century, the Academy aswell consists of "Old Campus" and "New Campus."

"Old Campus" consists of bookish barrio and dormitories congenital in abutting adjacency to the Wren Architectonics and bout the Georgian and Anglo-Dutch architectonics of the colonial barrio of "Ancient Campus" and Colonial Williamsburg. Amid anon to the west of the Wren Building, the majority of "Old Campus" was complete during the 1920s and 1930s and is bedeviled by the Sunken Gardens and the College's football stadium, Zable Stadium. Aswell amid aural "Old Campus" are Sorority Court, the majority of upperclassmen dormitories, and the offices and classrooms of the History, Philosophy, Religion, Music, Avant-garde Language, and English Departments.

Adjoining "Old Campus" to the arctic and west is "New Campus." It was complete primarily amid 1950 and 1980, and it consists of bookish barrio and dormitories that, while of the aforementioned brick architectonics as "Old Campus," fit into the colloquial of avant-garde architecture. Beginning with the College's tercentenary in 1993, the Academy has boarded on a architectonics and advance affairs that favors the acceptable architectural actualization of "Old Campus," while accumulation energy-efficient technologies. Several barrio complete back the 1990s accept been LEED certified. Additionally, as the barrio of "New Campus" are adapted afterwards decades of use, several accept been adapted to absorb added acceptable architectural elements in an accomplishment to arrange the actualization of the absolute Academy campus. "New Campus" is bedeviled by William and Mary Hall, Earl Gregg Swem Library, and Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall. It aswell includes the offices and classrooms of the Mathematics, Physics, Psychology, Biology, and Chemistry Departments, the majority of apprentice dormitories, the fraternity complex, and the majority of the College's able-bodied fields. The newest accession to "New Campus" is Alan B. Miller Hall, the address of the College's Mason Academy of Business.

The contempo beachcomber of architectonics at William and Mary has resulted in a new architectonics for the Academy of Education, amid not far from William and Mary Hall. Additionally, new accessories accept freed up amplitude in absolute structures. The offices and classrooms of the Government, Economics, and Classical Language Departments, which allotment a architectonics on "New Campus" (Morton Hall), could potentially be afar and some relocated to abandoned barrio afresh adapted aural the "Old Campus".

The all-inclusive majority of William and Mary's 1,200 acreage (4.9 km2) consists of woodlands and Basin Matoaka, an bogus basin created by colonists in the aboriginal 18th century. The Academy has apparent a adherence to the administration and canning of these accustomed elements, which are attainable via the trails active throughout the campus.

The Academy aswell has acreage and barrio not abutting to campus, including the William and Mary Academy of Law and the McCormack-Nagelsen Tennis Center, both amid on a section of acreage about four blocks southeast of the Wren Building. Additionally, about a mile northwest of "New Campus" is the Dillard Circuitous (located beyond from the avant-garde campus of Virginia's Eastern Accompaniment Hospital), which is home to several offices, two above dormitories, and Plumeri Park, the College's baseball stadium.

Organization and administration
The Board of Visitors is a association accustomed by the General Accumulation of Virginia to administer and administer the operation of the Academy of William & Mary and of Richard Bland College. The association is composed of 17 associates appointed by the Governor of Virginia, based aloft the recommendations fabricated by the Association of the Alumni, to a best of two-successive four-year terms. The Board elects a Rector, Carnality Rector, and Secretary and the Board meets four times annually.The Board is amenable for appointing a president, accompanying authoritative officers, and an honorary chancellor, acknowledging degrees, acceptance policies, departments, and schools, and active the fiduciary duties of authoritative the College's acreage and finances.

The Adjudicator of the Academy of William and Mary is abundantly a august role. Until 1776, the position was captivated by an English subject, usually the Archbishop of Canterbury or the Bishop of London, who served as the College's apostle to the crown, while a colonial Admiral oversaw the circadian activities of the Williamsburg campus. Afterward the Revolutionary War, General George Washington was appointed as the aboriginal American chancellor; afterwards United States Admiral John Tyler captivated the post. The Academy has afresh had a amount of acclaimed chancellors: above Chief Justice of the United States Warren E. Burger (1986–1993), above British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (1993–2000), above U.S. Secretary of Accompaniment Henry Kissinger (2000–2005), and above U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor (2005–2012). Above U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates, himself an alum of the College, succeeded O'Connor in February 2012.

The Board of Visitors accumulation to a admiral the operating albatross and accountability for the administrative, fiscal, and bookish achievement of the Academy as able-bodied as apery the Academy on attainable occasions such as accolade of degrees. In September 2008, W. Taylor Reveley III became the 27th Admiral of the College, afterwards Gene Nichol. The admiral is assisted by a provost, the chief bookish administrator of the university, and several carnality presidents.

Faculty associates are organized into abstracted commonsense of the Adroitness of Arts and Science as able-bodied as those for the corresponding schools of Business, Education, Law, and Virginia Institute of Abyssal Science. Each adroitness is presided over by a dean, who letters to the provost, and governs itself through abstracted by-laws accustomed by the Board of Visitors. The adroitness are aswell represented by a adroitness accumulation that serves to admonish the admiral and provost.

Academics
The Academy of William & Mary is a medium-sized, awful residential, attainable analysis university. The focal point of the university is its four-year, full-time undergraduate affairs which comprises a lot of of the institution's enrollment. The Academy has a able undergraduate arts & sciences focus, with a baddest amount of alum programs in assorted fields alignment from American colonial history to abyssal science. The Academy offers four bookish programs in its Washington, DC office, an undergraduate collective amount affairs in engineering with Columbia University, as able-bodied as a advanced arts collective amount affairs with the University of St Andrews in Scotland.