College of William & Mary

The Academy of William & Mary in Virginia (also accepted as William & Mary, or W&M) is a attainable analysis university amid in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. Royally founded in 1693 by belletrist apparent issued by King William III and Queen Mary II, it is the second-oldest academy of academy apprenticeship in the United States afterwards Harvard University. William & Mary is one of the aboriginal eight "Public Ivies," a appellation coined by Richard Moll in 1985 for about adjourned universities accouterment a superior of apprenticeship advised commensurable to that attainable in the Ivy League.

William & Mary accomplished U.S. Presidents Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and John Tyler as able-bodied as added key abstracts important to the development of the nation, including U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall, Speaker of the House Henry Clay, sixteen associates of the Continental Congress, and four signers of the Declaration of Independence. W&M acceptance founded the Phi Beta Kappa bookish account association in 1776 and W&M was the aboriginal academy of academy apprenticeship in the United States to install an account cipher of conduct for students. The enactment of alum programs in law and anesthetic in 1779 makes it one of the aboriginal universities in the United States.

In accession to its undergraduate affairs (which includes an all-embracing collective amount affairs with the University of St Andrews and a collective engineering affairs with Columbia University), W&M is home to several alum programs (including computer science, attainable policy, physics, and colonial history) and four able schools (law, business, education, and abyssal science).

History
Colonial era: 1693–1776
A academy of academy apprenticeship for both Native American adolescent men and the sons of the colonists was one of the ancient goals of the leaders of the Antecedents of Virginia. The Academy was founded on February 8, 1693, beneath a aristocratic allotment (legally, belletrist patent) to "make, begin and authorize a assertive Place of Universal Study, a abiding Academy of Divinity, Philosophy, Languages, and added acceptable arts and sciences...to be accurate and maintained, in all time coming." Alleged in account of the ascendant monarchs King William III and Queen Mary II, the Academy is the additional oldest academy in the United States. The aboriginal affairs for the Academy date aback to 1618 but were baffled by the Indian Massacre of 1622, a change in government (in 1624, the Virginia Company's allotment was revoked by King James I and the Virginia Antecedents was transferred to aristocratic ascendancy as a acme colony), contest accompanying to the English Civil War, and Bacon's Rebellion. In 1695 afore the boondocks of Williamsburg existed, architectonics began on the Academy Building, now accepted as the Sir Christopher Wren Building, in what was again alleged Middle Plantation (Virginia). It is the oldest academy architectonics in America. The Academy is one of the country's nine Colonial Colleges founded afore the American Revolution. The Allotment alleged James Blair as the College's aboriginal admiral (a lifetime arrangement which he captivated until his afterlife in 1743). William & Mary was founded as an Anglican institution; acceptance were appropriate to be associates of the Church of England, and advisers were appropriate to acknowledge adherence to the Thirty-Nine Articles.

In 1693, the Academy was accustomed a bench in the House of Burgesses and it was bent the Academy would be accurate by tobacco taxes and consign duties on furs and beastly skins. The Academy acquired a 330 acreage (1.3 km2) bindle for the new school, 8 afar (13 km) from Jamestown. In 1694, the new academy opened in acting buildings.

Williamsburg was accepted a aristocratic allotment as a city-limits in 1722 by the Acme and served as the basic of Colonial Virginia from 1699 to 1780. During this time, the Academy served as a law centermost and accumulation frequently acclimated its buildings. It accomplished approaching U.S. Presidents Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and John Tyler. The Academy has been alleged "the Alma Mater of a Nation" because of its abutting ties to America's founding fathers. A 17-year-old George Washington accustomed his surveyor's authorization through the Academy and would acknowledgment as its aboriginal American chancellor. William & Mary is acclaimed for its firsts: the aboriginal U.S. academy with a Aristocratic Charter, the aboriginal Greek-letter association (Phi Beta Kappa, founded in 1776), the aboriginal apprentice account cipher and the aboriginal law academy in America. The Academy became a state-supported academy in 1906 and became coeducational in 1918. In 1928, John D. Rockefeller, Jr. chose the Academy Architectonics as the aboriginal architectonics to be alternate to its 18th-century actualization as allotment of the iconic Colonial Williamsburg restoration.

Revolution and transition
During the aeon of the American Revolution, abandon of adoration was accustomed in Virginia conspicuously with the 1786 access of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom. Approaching U.S. Admiral James Madison was a key amount in the alteration to religious abandon in Virginia, and Right Reverend James Madison, his accessory and Thomas Jefferson, who was on the Board of Visitors, helped the Academy of William & Mary to accomplish the alteration as well. In 1779 the academy became the aboriginal American university with the enactment of the alum schools in law and medicine.[clarification needed] As its President, Reverend Madison formed with the new leaders of Virginia, a lot of conspicuously Jefferson, on a about-face and changes for the Academy which included the abolishment of the Divinity Academy and the Indian Academy and the enactment of the aboriginal constituent arrangement of abstraction and account system.

The Academy of William and Mary is home to the nation's aboriginal bookish abstruse society, the F.H.C. Society, bargain accepted as the Flat Hat Club, founded November 11, 1750. On December 5, 1776, acceptance John Heath and William Short (Class of 1779) founded Phi Beta Kappa as a abstruse arcane and abstract society. Added abstruse societies accepted to currently abide at the Academy include: The 7 Society, 13 Club, Alpha Club, Bishop James Madison Society, The Society, The Spades, W Society, and Wren Society.

In 1842, alumni of the Academy formed the Association of the Alumniwhich is now the sixth oldest alumni alignment in the United States. In 1859, a abundant blaze acquired abolition to the Academy Building. The Alumni House is one of the few aboriginal antebellum structures actual on campus; notable others awning the Wren Building, the President's House, the Brafferton, and Prince George House.

Civil War, Reconstruction, and the aboriginal 20th century
At the alpha of the American Civil War (1861–1865), enlistments in the Confederate States Army depleted the apprentice physique and on May 10, 1861, the adroitness voted to abutting the Academy for the continuance of the conflict. The Academy Architectonics was acclimated as a Confederate billet and afterwards as a hospital, aboriginal by Confederate, and afterwards Union forces. The Battle of Williamsburg was fought adjacent during the Peninsula Campaign on May 5, 1862, and the city-limits was captured by the Union army the next day. The Brafferton architectonics of the Academy was acclimated for a time as abode for the advantageous administrator of the Union billet application the town. On September 9, 1862, bashed soldiers of the 5th Pennsylvania Cavalry set blaze to the Academy Building, purportedly in an attack to anticipate Confederate snipers from application it for cover. Much accident was done to the association during the Union occupation, which lasted until September 1865.

Following apology of the Union, Virginia was bankrupt from the War. The College's 16th president, Benjamin Stoddert Ewell, assuredly reopened the academy in 1869 application his claimed funds but the Academy bankrupt in 1882 due to abridgement of funds. In 1888, William & Mary resumed operations beneath a acting allotment if the Commonwealth of Virginia anesthetized an actabduction $10,000 to abutment the Academy as a accompaniment teacher-training institution. Lyon Gardiner Tyler (son of US Admiral and alum John Tyler) became the 17th admiral of the Academy afterward Admiral Ewell's retirement. Tyler, forth with 18th admiral J. A. C. Chandler, broadcast the Academy into a avant-garde institution. In March 1906, the General Accumulation anesthetized an act demography over the area of the colonial institution, and it has remained about accurate anytime since. In 1918, William & Mary became one of the aboriginal universities in Virginia to accept women and become coeducational. During this time, acceptance added from 104 acceptance in 1889 to 1269 acceptance by 1932.

Largely acknowledgment to the eyes of a William and Mary instructor, Reverend Dr. W. A. R. Goodwin, the Academy Building, the President's House and the Brafferton (originally the Indian School) were adequate to their 18th aeon actualization amid 1928 and 1932 with abundant banking abutment from John D. Rockefeller, Jr. and his wife, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. Together, they led the enactment and ancestry of Colonial Williamsburg.

Campus
The Academy is amid on a 1,200-acre (490 ha) campus in Williamsburg, Virginia. In 2011, Travel+Leisure alleged William & Mary one of the a lot of admirable academy campuses in the United States.

The Sir Christopher Wren Architectonics is the oldest academy architectonics in the United States and a National Historic Landmark. The building, colloquially referred to as the "Wren Building", was alleged aloft its advance in 1931 to account the English artist Sir Christopher Wren. The base for the 1930s name is a 1724 history in which Hugh Jones declared the 1699 architectonics was "first modelled by Sir Christopher Wren" and again was acclimatized "by the Gentlemen there" in Virginia; little is accepted about how it looked, back it austere aural a few years of its completion. Today's Wren Architectonics is based on the architectonics of its 1716 replacement. The College's Alumni Association afresh appear an commodity suggesting Wren's affiliation to the 1931 architectonics is a applicable accountable of investigation.

Two added barrio about the Wren Architectonics complete a triangle accepted unofficially as "Ancient Campus": the Brafferton (built in 1723 and originally apartment the Indian School, now the Admiral and Provost's offices) and the President's House (built in 1732). In accession to the "Ancient Campus," which dates to the 18th century, the Academy aswell consists of "Old Campus" and "New Campus."

"Old Campus" consists of bookish barrio and dormitories congenital in abutting adjacency to the Wren Architectonics and bout the Georgian and Anglo-Dutch architectonics of the colonial barrio of "Ancient Campus" and Colonial Williamsburg. Amid anon to the west of the Wren Building, the majority of "Old Campus" was complete during the 1920s and 1930s and is bedeviled by the Sunken Gardens and the College's football stadium, Zable Stadium. Aswell amid aural "Old Campus" are Sorority Court, the majority of upperclassmen dormitories, and the offices and classrooms of the History, Philosophy, Religion, Music, Avant-garde Language, and English Departments.

Adjoining "Old Campus" to the arctic and west is "New Campus." It was complete primarily amid 1950 and 1980, and it consists of bookish barrio and dormitories that, while of the aforementioned brick architectonics as "Old Campus," fit into the colloquial of avant-garde architecture. Beginning with the College's tercentenary in 1993, the Academy has boarded on a architectonics and advance affairs that favors the acceptable architectural actualization of "Old Campus," while accumulation energy-efficient technologies. Several barrio complete back the 1990s accept been LEED certified. Additionally, as the barrio of "New Campus" are adapted afterwards decades of use, several accept been adapted to absorb added acceptable architectural elements in an accomplishment to arrange the actualization of the absolute Academy campus. "New Campus" is bedeviled by William and Mary Hall, Earl Gregg Swem Library, and Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall. It aswell includes the offices and classrooms of the Mathematics, Physics, Psychology, Biology, and Chemistry Departments, the majority of apprentice dormitories, the fraternity complex, and the majority of the College's able-bodied fields. The newest accession to "New Campus" is Alan B. Miller Hall, the address of the College's Mason Academy of Business.

The contempo beachcomber of architectonics at William and Mary has resulted in a new architectonics for the Academy of Education, amid not far from William and Mary Hall. Additionally, new accessories accept freed up amplitude in absolute structures. The offices and classrooms of the Government, Economics, and Classical Language Departments, which allotment a architectonics on "New Campus" (Morton Hall), could potentially be afar and some relocated to abandoned barrio afresh adapted aural the "Old Campus".

The all-inclusive majority of William and Mary's 1,200 acreage (4.9 km2) consists of woodlands and Basin Matoaka, an bogus basin created by colonists in the aboriginal 18th century. The Academy has apparent a adherence to the administration and canning of these accustomed elements, which are attainable via the trails active throughout the campus.

The Academy aswell has acreage and barrio not abutting to campus, including the William and Mary Academy of Law and the McCormack-Nagelsen Tennis Center, both amid on a section of acreage about four blocks southeast of the Wren Building. Additionally, about a mile northwest of "New Campus" is the Dillard Circuitous (located beyond from the avant-garde campus of Virginia's Eastern Accompaniment Hospital), which is home to several offices, two above dormitories, and Plumeri Park, the College's baseball stadium.

Organization and administration
The Board of Visitors is a association accustomed by the General Accumulation of Virginia to administer and administer the operation of the Academy of William & Mary and of Richard Bland College. The association is composed of 17 associates appointed by the Governor of Virginia, based aloft the recommendations fabricated by the Association of the Alumni, to a best of two-successive four-year terms. The Board elects a Rector, Carnality Rector, and Secretary and the Board meets four times annually.The Board is amenable for appointing a president, accompanying authoritative officers, and an honorary chancellor, acknowledging degrees, acceptance policies, departments, and schools, and active the fiduciary duties of authoritative the College's acreage and finances.

The Adjudicator of the Academy of William and Mary is abundantly a august role. Until 1776, the position was captivated by an English subject, usually the Archbishop of Canterbury or the Bishop of London, who served as the College's apostle to the crown, while a colonial Admiral oversaw the circadian activities of the Williamsburg campus. Afterward the Revolutionary War, General George Washington was appointed as the aboriginal American chancellor; afterwards United States Admiral John Tyler captivated the post. The Academy has afresh had a amount of acclaimed chancellors: above Chief Justice of the United States Warren E. Burger (1986–1993), above British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (1993–2000), above U.S. Secretary of Accompaniment Henry Kissinger (2000–2005), and above U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor (2005–2012). Above U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates, himself an alum of the College, succeeded O'Connor in February 2012.

The Board of Visitors accumulation to a admiral the operating albatross and accountability for the administrative, fiscal, and bookish achievement of the Academy as able-bodied as apery the Academy on attainable occasions such as accolade of degrees. In September 2008, W. Taylor Reveley III became the 27th Admiral of the College, afterwards Gene Nichol. The admiral is assisted by a provost, the chief bookish administrator of the university, and several carnality presidents.

Faculty associates are organized into abstracted commonsense of the Adroitness of Arts and Science as able-bodied as those for the corresponding schools of Business, Education, Law, and Virginia Institute of Abyssal Science. Each adroitness is presided over by a dean, who letters to the provost, and governs itself through abstracted by-laws accustomed by the Board of Visitors. The adroitness are aswell represented by a adroitness accumulation that serves to admonish the admiral and provost.

Academics
The Academy of William & Mary is a medium-sized, awful residential, attainable analysis university. The focal point of the university is its four-year, full-time undergraduate affairs which comprises a lot of of the institution's enrollment. The Academy has a able undergraduate arts & sciences focus, with a baddest amount of alum programs in assorted fields alignment from American colonial history to abyssal science. The Academy offers four bookish programs in its Washington, DC office, an undergraduate collective amount affairs in engineering with Columbia University, as able-bodied as a advanced arts collective amount affairs with the University of St Andrews in Scotland.