Brown University is a private, Ivy League assay university in Providence, Rhode Island. Founded in 1764 as "The Academy in the English Antecedents of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations," Brown is the seventh-oldest academy of academy apprenticeship in the United States and one of the nine Colonial Colleges accustomed afore the American Revolution.
At its foundation, Brown was the aboriginal academy in the United States to acquire accepting behindhand of their religious affiliation. Its engineering program, accustomed in 1847, was the aboriginal in the Ivy League. Brown's New Curriculum—sometimes referred to in apprenticeship access as the Brown Curriculum—was adopted by adroitness vote in 1969 afterwards a aeon of apprentice lobbying; the New Chic abandoned binding "general education" administration requirements, fabricated accepting "the architects of their own syllabus," and accustomed them to yield any advance for a brand of satisfactory or accustomed no-credit. In 1971, Brown's alike women's institution, Pembroke College, was absolutely alloyed into the university. Pembroke Campus now operates as a abode for dorms and classrooms.
Undergraduate admissions is actual selective, with an accepting amount of 9 percent for the chic of 2020, according to the university.The University comprises The College, the Alum School, Alpert Medical School, the Academy of Engineering, the Academy of Accessible Health, and the Academy of Able Studies (which includes the IE Brown Executive MBA program). Brown's all-embracing programs are organized through the Watson Institute for All-embracing and Accessible Affairs, and the university is academically affiliated with the Marine Biological Laboratory and the Rhode Island Academy of Design. The Brown/RISD Dual Amount Program, offered in affiliation with the Rhode Island Academy of Design, is a five-year advance that awards degrees from both institutions.
Brown's capital campus is amid in the Academy Acropolis Celebrated Commune in the city-limits of Providence, the third better city-limits in New England. The University's adjacency is a federally listed architectural commune with a close absorption of Colonial era buildings. On the western bend of the campus, Benefit Street contains "one of the finest adamant collections of adequate seventeenth- and eighteenth-century architectonics in the United States".
Brown has produced 7 Nobel Prize winners, 55 Rhodes Scholars, 5 Civic Abstract Medalists, eight billionaire graduates, and 10 Civic Medal of Science laureates, and has aswell produced Fulbright, Marshall, and Mitchell scholars. Added notable alumni cover a U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice, 4 U.S. Secretaries of States and added Cabinet officials, over 53 associates of the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate, arresting associates of aristocratic families, as able-bodied as CEOs and founders of Fortune 500 companies.
History
The foundation and the charter
The three petitioners were Ezra Stiles, pastor of Newport's Added Congregational Church and approaching admiral of Yale; William Ellery, Jr., approaching attestant of the United States Declaration of Independence; and Josias Lyndon, approaching governor of the colony. Stiles and Ellery would two years afterwards be co-authors of the Allotment of the College. The editor of Stiles's affidavit observes that, "This abstract of a address connects itself with added affirmation of Dr. Stiles's action for a Collegiate Academy in Rhode Island, afore the allotment of what became Brown University.
Manning accustomed at Newport in July 1763 and was alien to Stiles, who agreed to address the Allotment for the College. Stiles's aboriginal abstract was apprehend to the General Assembly in August 1763 and abandoned by Baptist associates who afraid that the Academy Board of Fellows would underrepresent the Baptists. A revised Charter, accounting by Stiles and Ellery, was adopted by the Assembly on March 3, 1764.
In September 1764 the countdown affair of the Academy Corporation was captivated at Newport. Governor Stephen Hopkins was alleged chancellor, above and approaching governor Samuel Ward was carnality chancellor, John Tillinghast treasurer, and Thomas Eyres secretary. The Allotment assured that the Board of Trustees comprise 22 Baptists, 5 Quakers, 5 Episcopalians, and four Congregationalists. Of the 12 Fellows, eight should be Baptists—including the Academy president—"and the blow agilely of any or all Denominations."
The Allotment was not, as is sometimes supposed, the accepting of King George III, but rather an Act of the colonial General Assembly. In two particulars the Allotment may be said to be a abnormally accelerating document. First, across added colleges had curricular strictures adjoin opposing doctrines, Brown's Allotment asserted that "Sectarian differences of opinions, shall not accomplish any Allotment of the Accessible and Classical Instruction." Second, according to University historian Walter Bronson, "the apparatus administering Brown University accustomed added broadly and fundamentally than any added the assumption of denominational cooperation." The around-the-clock account that Brown's Allotment abandoned banned a religious assay for Academy associates is inaccurate; added academy charters were aswell advanced in that particular.
James Manning was affidavit in as the College's aboriginal admiral in 1765 and served until 1791. In 1770 the Academy confused from Warren, Rhode Island, to the acme of Academy Acropolis overlooking Providence. Solomon Drowne, a apprentice in the chic of 1773, wrote in his account on March 26, 1770:
Presbyterian Lane is the present Academy Street. The eight-acre site, in two parcels, had been purchased by the Corporation for £219, mainly from Moses Brown and John Brown, the accoutrements accepting "formed a allotment of the aboriginal home lots of their ancestor, Chad Brown, and of George Rickard, who bought them from the Indians." University Hall—known until 1823 as "The Academy Edifice"—was modelled on Nassau Hall at the Academy of New Jersey. Its architectonics was managed by the close of Nicholas Brown and Company, which spent £2844 in the aboriginal year architectonics the Academy Edifice and the adjoining President's House.
Nicholas Brown, Jr., architect of the Providence Athenaeum, co-founder of Butler Hospital, philanthropist, progressive, and abolitionist. Afterward his above allowance in 1804, the Academy was renamed Brown University. Painting by Chester Harding, 1836
The Brown family
The Brown family—Nicholas Brown, his son Nicholas Brown, Jr., chic of 1786, John Brown, Joseph Brown, and Moses Brown—were active in affective the Academy to Providence and accepting its endowment. Joseph became a assistant of accustomed aesthetics at the College, John served as its broker from 1775 to 1796, and Nicholas, Junior, succeeded his uncle as broker from 1796 to 1825.
On September 8, 1803, the Corporation voted, "That the donation of $5000 Dollars, if fabricated to this Academy aural one Year from the backward Commencement, shall baptize the donor to name the College." In a letter anachronous September 6, 1804, that address was answered by Academy broker Nicholas Brown, Junior, and the Corporation accustomed its promise: "In acknowledgment to Mr. Brown, the Corporation at the aforementioned affair voted, 'That this Academy be alleged and accustomed in all approaching time by the Name of Brown University'." Over the years, the benefactions of Nicholas Brown, Jr, would absolute about $160,000, an astronomic sum for that period, and included the barrio Hope Academy and Manning Hall, congenital 1821-22 and 1834-35.
It is sometimes afield declared that Brown University was "named after" John Brown, whose bartering action included the busline of African slaves. In fact, Brown University was alleged for Nicholas Brown, Jr—philanthropist, architect of the Providence Athenaeum, co-founder of Butler Hospital, and, crucially, an abolitionist. Beneath the advice of his uncle Moses Brown, one of the arch abolitionists of his day, Nicholas Brown, Junior, became a financier of the movement. (The opposing attitudes to the bondservant barter aural the Brown family—from John Brown's unapologetic participation, to Moses and Nicholas Brown's activist opposition—are declared in Ricardo Howell, "Slavery, the Brown Family of Providence and Brown University" (2001, appear online at Brown.edu), and in Charles Rappleye, Sons of Providence: The Brown Brothers, the Bondservant Trade, and the American Revolution (New York, 2006)).
he American Revolution
In the abatement of 1776, with British argosy patrolling Narragansett Bay, the Academy library was confused out of Providence for safekeeping. On December 7, 1776, six thousand British and Hessian troops beneath the command of Sir Peter Parker sailed into Newport harbor. In a letter accounting afterwards the war, Academy admiral Manning said.
"The aristocratic Army landed on Rhode Island & took control of the same: This brought their Camp in apparent View from the Academy with the naked Eye; aloft which the Country flew to Accoutrements & marched for Providence, there, unprovided with Billet they marched into the Academy & beggared the Students, about 40 in Number."
"In the affirmation for amercement presented by the Corporation to the United States government," says the University historian, "it is declared that the American troops acclimated it for billet and hospital from December 10, 1776, to April 20, 1780, and that the French troops acclimated it for a hospital from June 26, 1780, to May 27, 1782." The French troops were those of the Comte de Rochambeau.
The New Curriculum
In 1850, Brown Admiral Francis Wayland wrote: "The assorted courses should be so abiding that, insofar as practicable, every apprentice ability abstraction what he chose, all that he chose, and annihilation but what he chose." Adopted in 1969, the New Chic is a ceremony in the University's history and is apparent as the ability of Wayland's vision.
The chic was the aftereffect of a cardboard accounting by Ira Magaziner and Elliot Maxwell blue-blooded "Draft of a Working Cardboard for Apprenticeship at Brown University." The cardboard came out of a year-long Group Absolute Abstraction Action (GISP) involving 80 accepting and 15 professors. The GISP was aggressive by student-initiated beginning schools, abnormally San Francisco State College, and accustomed means to "put accepting at the centermost of their education" and "teach accepting how to anticipate rather than just teaching facts."
The cardboard fabricated accurate proposals for the new curriculum, including interdisciplinary freshman-year courses that would acquaint "modes of thought," with apprenticeship from adroitness brought calm from altered disciplines. The aim was to transform the acceptable assay course—often accomplished irenic by first-year students—into a added agreeable process, an assay of the bookish and abstract access amid disciplines. A allocation advantage of Satisfactory/No Credit would be alien to animate accepting to try courses alfresco their grade-point abundance zone. In practice, this allocation addition of the New Curriculum—sometimes blurred and mischaracterized—has been its a lot of acknowledged component, responsible, in the decades back its adoption, for endless career-changing decisions—studio art swapped for neuroscience, assay swapped for anthropology, mathematics swapped for playwriting (and Pulitzer Prizes).
In the bounce of 1969, afterward apprentice rallies in abutment of reform, University admiral Ray Heffner appointed the Appropriate Board on Curricular Philosophy, tasked with developing specific reforms. The consistent report, alleged the Maeder Address afterwards its board chair, was presented to the faculty, which voted the New Chic into actuality on May 7, 1969. Its key appearance
Coat of arms
Brown University's covering of accoutrements is a white acreage disconnected into four sectors by a red cross: aural ceremony across is an accessible book. Above the absorber is a acme consisting of the top bisected of a sun in brightness a part of the clouds aloft a red and white torse. The sun and clouds represent "learning acute the clouds of ignorance." The cantankerous is believed to be a Saint George's Cross, and the accessible books represent learning.
Campus
Brown is the better institutional backer in Providence, with backdrop on Academy Acropolis and in the Jewelry District.The Academy Acropolis campus was congenital contemporarily with the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century precincts that beleaguer it, so that University barrio alloy with the architectural bolt of the city. The alone indicator of "campus" is a brick and wrought-iron fence on Prospect, George, and Waterman streets, anchor the Academy Blooming and Front Green. The appearance of Brown's burghal campus is, then, European amoebic rather than American landscaped.
Main campus
The capital campus, absolute 235 barrio and 143 acreage (0.58 km2), is on Academy Acropolis in Providence's East Side. It is accomplished from city-limits principally by three acutely abrupt streets—College, Waterman, and Angell—which run through the Benefit Street celebrated commune and the campus of the Rhode Island Academy of Design. Academy Street, culminating with Van Wickle Gates at the top of the hill, is abnormally beautiful, and is the ambience for the Convocation and Commencement processions.
The amount blooming spaces of the capital campus are the Front (or "Quiet") Green, the Academy (or "Main") Green, and the Ruth J. Simmons Quadrangle (until 2012 alleged Lincoln Field). The old barrio on these three greens are the a lot of photographed.
Adjacent to this earlier campus are, to the south, bookish barrio and residential quadrangles, including Wriston, Keeney, and Gregorian quadrangles; to the east, Sciences Park appliance two city-limits blocks; to the north, affiliated to Simmons Quadrangle by The Walk, bookish and residential precincts, including the activity sciences circuitous and the Pembroke Campus; and to the west, on the abruptness of Academy Hill, bookish buildings, including Account Art Centermost and the Hay and Rockefeller libraries. Aswell on the abruptness of Academy Hill, abutting with Brown, is the campus of the Rhode Island Academy of Design.
John Hay Library
The John Hay Library is the added oldest library on campus. It was opened in 1910 and alleged for John Hay (class of 1858, clandestine secretary to Abraham Lincoln and Secretary of State beneath two Presidents) at the appeal of his acquaintance Andrew Carnegie, who contributed bisected of the $300,000 amount of the building.It is now the athenaeum of the University's archives, attenuate books and manuscripts, and appropriate collections. Noteworthy a part of the closing are the Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection (described as "the foremost American accumulating of actual adherent to the history and iconography of soldiers and soldiering"), the Harris Accumulating of American Poetry and Plays (described as "the better and a lot of absolute accumulating of its affectionate in any assay library"), the Lownes Accumulating of the History of Science (described as "one of the three a lot of important clandestine collections of books of science in America"), and (for accepting of requests) the affidavit of H.P. Lovecraft. The Hay Library is home to one of the broadest collections of incunabula (15th-century printed books) in the Americas, as able-bodied as such rarities as the arrangement of Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four and a Shakespeare Aboriginal Folio. There are aswell three books apprenticed in animal skin.
John Carter Brown Library
The John Carter Brown Library, founded in 1846, is administered alone from the University, but has been amid on the Capital Blooming of the campus back 1904. It is about admired as the world's arch accumulating of primary actual sources pertaining to the Americas afore 1825. It houses a actual ample allotment of the titles appear afore that date about the discovery, settlement, history, and accustomed history of the New World. The "JCB", as it is known, appear the 29-volume Bibliotheca Americana, a arch bibliography in the field. Typical of its noteworthy backing is the best preserved of the eleven actual copies of the Bay Psalm Book the ancient actual book printed in British Arctic America and the a lot of big-ticket printed book in the world.There is aswell a actual accomplished Shakespeare Aboriginal Folio, added to the accumulating by John Carter Brown's added (a Shakespeare enthusiast) on the across that it includes The Tempest, a play set in the New World. The JCB backing comprise added than 50,000 aboriginal titles and about 16,000 avant-garde books, as able-bodied as prints, manuscripts, maps, and added items in the library's specialty.
Haffenreffer Museum
The exhibition galleries of the Haffenreffer Building of Anthropology, Brown's teaching museum, are amid in Manning Hall on the campus's capital green. Its one actor artifacts, accessible for assay and educational purposes, are amid at its Collections Assay Centermost in Bristol, RI. The museum's ambition is to affect aesthetic and analytical cerebration about ability by adopting interdisciplinary compassionate of the actual world. It provides opportunities for adroitness and accepting to plan with collections and the public, teaching through altar and programs in classrooms and exhibitions. The building sponsors lectures and contest in all areas of anthropology, and aswell runs an all-encompassing affairs of beat to bounded schools.
The "Walk" connects Pembroke Campus to the capital campus. It is a assumption of blooming spaces extending from Ruth Simmons Quadrangle (Lincoln Field) in the south to the Pembroke Academy cairn on Affair Street in the north. It is belted by authoritative barrio and the Granoff Centermost for the Aesthetic Arts. A focal point of The Walk will be the Maya Lin-designed water-circulating topographical carve of Narragansett Bay, to be installed in 2014 next to the Institute for the Abstraction of Environment and Society.
Academic
Presidents
Brown's accustomed admiral Christina Hull Paxson took appointment in 2012. She had ahead been administrator of the Woodrow Wilson Academy at Princeton University and a past-chair of Princeton's economics department. In 2014 and 2015, Paxson presided over the year-long ceremony of the 250th ceremony of Brown's founding. Her actual antecedent as admiral was Ruth J. Simmons, the aboriginal African American admiral of an Ivy League institution. Simmons will abide at Brown as a assistant of Comparative Literature and Africana Studies.
The College
Founded in 1764, the Academy is the oldest academy of Brown University. About 6,400 undergraduate accepting are currently enrolled in the College, and 79 concentrations (majors) are offered. Completed concentrations of undergraduates by across are amusing sciences 42 percent, abstract 26 percent, activity sciences 17 percent, and concrete sciences 14 percent. The concentrations with the greatest amount of accepting are Biology, History, and All-embracing Relations. Brown is one of the few schools in the United States with an undergraduate absorption (major) in Egyptology. Undergraduates can aswell architectonics an absolute absorption if the absolute programs do not adjust with their curricular focus.
35 percent of undergraduates accompany alum or able abstraction immediately, 60 percent aural 5 years, and 80 percent aural 10 years. For the Chic of 1998, 75 percent of all graduates accept back enrolled in a alum or able amount program. The degrees acquired were doctoral 22 percent, master's 35 percent, anesthetic 28 percent, and law 14 percent.
The accomplished fields of appliance for graduates of the Academy are business 36 percent, apprenticeship 19 percent, health/medical 6 percent, arts 6 percent, government 6 percent, and communications/media 5 percent.
The accent of the Academy Allotment has been interpreted as black the enactment able schools. Brown and Princeton are the alone Ivy League colleges with neither business academy nor law school.
Brown/RISD Dual Amount Program
Brown's abreast acquaintance on Academy Acropolis is the Rhode Island Academy of Architectonics (RISD), America's top-ranked art college. Brown and RISD accepting can cross-register at the two institutions, with Brown accepting acceptable to yield as abounding as four courses at RISD that calculation appear a Brown degree. The two institutions accomplice to accommodate assorted student-life casework and the two apprentice bodies compose a synergy in the Academy Acropolis cultural scene.
The Brown/RISD Dual Amount Program, a part of the a lot of careful in the country, offered accepting to 17 of the 512 applicants for the chic entering in autumn 2015, an accepting amount of 3.3 percent. It combines the commutual strengths of the two institutions, amalgam flat art at RISD with the absolute spectrum of Brown's authoritative offerings. Accepting are accustomed to the Dual Amount Affairs for a advance abiding 5 years and culminating in both the Bachelor of Arts (A.B.) amount from Brown and the Bachelor of Accomplished Arts (B.F.A.) amount from RISD. Prospective accepting accept to administer to the two schools alone and be accustomed by abstracted admissions committees. Their appliance accept to again be accustomed by a third Brown/RISD collective committee.
Admitted accepting absorb the aboriginal year in abode at RISD commutual its "foundation course," and the added year in abode at Brown. Another year at ceremony academy ensues, with the fifth year spent according to the student's electives. Affairs participants are acclaimed for their aesthetic and aboriginal access to cross-disciplinary opportunities, combining, for example, automated architectonics with engineering, or anatomical analogy with animal biology, or aesthetics with sculpture, or architectonics with burghal studies. An anniversary "BRDD Exhibition" is a well-publicized and heavily abounding event, cartoon absorption and attendees from the added apple of industry, design, the media, and the accomplished arts.
Theatre and playwriting
Brown's theatre and playwriting programs are a part of the best-regarded in the country. Back 2003 eight altered Brown graduates accept either won (four times) or been nominated for (six times) the Pulitzer Prize—including winners Lynn Nottage '86, Ayad Akhtar '93, Nilo Cruz '94, and Quiara Alegría Hudes '04; and nominees Sarah Ruhl '97 (twice), Gina Gionfriddo '97 (twice), Stephen Karam '02, and Jordan Harrison '03. In American Theater magazine's 2009 baronial of the most-produced American plays, Brown graduates active four of the top 5 places—Peter Nachtrieb '97, Rachel Sheinkin '89, Sarah Ruhl '97, and Stephen Karam '02.
The undergraduate absorption (major) encompasses programs in theatre history, achievement theory, playwriting, dramaturgy, acting, directing, dance, speech, and abstruse production. Applications for doctoral and master's amount programs are fabricated through the University Alum School. Master's degrees in acting and administering are pursued in affiliation with the Rep MFA program, which ally with one of the country's abundant bounded theatres, Trinity Repertory Company, home of the endure longstanding citizen acting aggregation in the country.Trinity Rep's present aestheti
administrator Curt Columbus succeeded Oskar Eustis in 2006, if Eustis was alleged to advance New York's Accessible Theater.
The abounding achievement spaces accessible to Brown accepting cover the Chace and Dowling theaters at Trinity Rep; the McCormack Family, Lee Strasberg, Rites and Reason, Ashamu Dance, Stuart, and Leeds theatres in University departments; the Upstairs Space and Downstairs Space accepting to the wholly student-run Assembly Workshop; and Alumnae Hall, acclimated by Brown University Gilbert & Sullivan and by Brown Opera Productions. Assembly architectonics courses advance the John Street Flat of Eugene Lee, three-time Tony Award-winner.
Admission and banking aid
For the undergraduate chic of 2019, Brown accustomed 30,397 applicants, of whom 2,580 were accepted, for an accepting amount of 8.5 percent. Additionally, for the bookish year 2013-14 there were 1,769 applicants from added colleges who admired to alteration to Brown, of whom 6 percent were accepted. According to the university, of applicants who were either salutatorian or valedictorian, 15 and 18 percent appropriately were accepted. In the enrolled chic of 2017, 94 percent were in the top tenth of their top academy class. In 2013 the Alum Academy accustomed 17 percent of 9,215 applicants. In 2014, U.S. News ranked Brown's Warren Alpert Medical Academy the 5th a lot of careful in the country, with an accepting amount of 2.9 percent.
Brown accepting action is assured need-blind for all calm applicants. Brown's banking aid basics website, in August 2014, stated: "For families (including both parents) with a absolute assets beneath $60,000, and assets beneath than $100,000, no ancestor addition is affected appear the Expected Family Addition (EFC). For families with absolute assets beneath $100,000, the accommodation basic of the banking aid accolade is replaced with added scholarship." In 2013-14, the affairs awarded need-based scholarships account $95 million. The boilerplate need-based accolade for the chic of 2017 was $43,427.
Athletics
Brown is a affiliate of the Ivy League able-bodied conference, which is categorized as a Division I (top level) appointment of the Civic Collegiate Able-bodied Association (NCAA). The Brown Bears are the third better university sports affairs in the United States, allotment 38 varsity intercollegiate teams (Harvard sponsors 42 and Princeton 39). Brown's able-bodied affairs is one of the U.S. News & Apple Address top 20—the "College Sports Honor Roll"—based on across of affairs and athletes' graduation rates. Brown's newest varsity aggregation is women's rugby, answer from club-sport cachet in 2014.
Brown women's canoeing has won 7 civic titles in the endure 14 years.[when?] Brown men's canoeing perennially finishes in the top 5 in the nation, a lot of afresh acceptable silver, bronze, and argent in the civic championship contest of 2012, 2013, and 2014. The men's and women's crews accept aswell won championship trophies at the Henley Aristocratic Regatta and the Henley Women's Regatta. Brown's men's soccer is consistently ranked in the top 20, and has won 18 Ivy League titles overall; recent[when?] soccer graduates play professionally in Above League Soccer and overseas. Brown football, beneath its a lot of acknowledged drillmaster historically, Phil Estes, won Ivy League championships in 1999, 2005, and 2008. (Brown football's reemergence is accustomed to its 1976 Ivy League championship team, "The Magnificent Andersons," so alleged for its coach, John Anderson.) High-profile alumni of the football affairs cover Houston Texans arch drillmaster Bill O'Brien; above Penn State football drillmaster Joe Paterno, Heisman Trophy namesake John W. Heisman, and Pollard Accolade namesake Fritz Pollard. The Men's Lacrosse aggregation aswell has a continued and acclaimed history. Brown women's gymnastics won the Ivy League clash in 2013 and 2014. Brown varsity equestrian has won the Ivy League championship several times. Brown aswell supports aggressive intercollegiate club sports, including sailing and ultimate frisbee. The men's ultimate team, Brownian Motion, has alert won the civic championship, in 2000 and 2005.
Rankings
In 2014, Civic Science Foundation ranked Brown University 66th in the United States by research. As of 2016, U.S. News & Apple Address ranks Brown University 99th globally.
In its 2015 baronial of the "Best Colleges Nationwide," USA Today–College Factual placed Brown 6th (between MIT and Stanford University). The aforementioned USA Today–College Factual baronial put Brown 5th (between Harvard University and the University of Virginia) a part of "Best US Colleges for a Above in English."
The 2013 U.S. News & Apple Address rankings' associate appraisal allocation gives the academy a account of 4.4, angry with University of Pennsylvania, Dartmouth, Northwestern, and University of Michigan.
In 2014, Forbes annual ranked Brown seventh (between Caltech and Princeton University) on its account of "America's A lot of Entrepreneurial Universities." The Forbes assay looked at the arrangement of "alumni and accepting who accept articular themselves as founders and business owners on LinkedIn" and the absolute amount of alumni and students.
LinkedIn anecdotic the Forbes rankings, agreement Brown third (between MIT and Princeton) a part of "Best Undergraduate Universities for Software Developers at Startups." LinkedIn's alignment complex a career-path assay of "millions of alumni profiles" in its associates database.
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